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Kierunki badań i możliwości analityczne w technice fluorescencyjnej spektroskopii atomowej dla oznaczeń rtęci w próbkach środowiskowych

Boszke L.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2009

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[Z] 63, 7-8

537-573

EN

Mercury is a global pollutant and is identified as a highly toxic element because of its accumulative and persistent character in the environment and living organisms. Therefore, routine monitoring and control of mercury are becoming increasingly important in natural environment. Several analytical techniques have been developed for the determination of mercury and cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS) is the most widely used one. However, CV-AAS is not straightforwardly applicable to some environmental, clinical, or biological samples in view of low analyte content and matrix of the sample. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) detection, especially coupled with the cold vapor (CV) technique, is becoming popular and replacing atomic absorption spectroscopy for mercury analysis due to its simple instrumentation, relatively low cost of operation, high sensitivity and selectivity and ultra low detection limits, which can be evidenced by its approval by the US Environmental Protection Agency for the analysis of mercury in uncontaminated water. Speciation analysis brings important information on the real toxicity and migration pathways of mercury. The need for this kind of information has stimulated development of analytical solutions allowing separation of mercury species such as sequential extraction procedures and hyphenated techniques. The paper presents perspectives of development and application of determinations of total mercury and mercury species in environmental samples by the atomic fluorescence spectroscopy method based on cold vapor generation (CV-AFS). The different sequential extraction procedures in estimation of mercury mobility and bioavailability were also critically reviewed. Ranges of published detection limits achievable for mercury species determination by using different hyphenated techniques are also given. High pressure liquid chromatography coupled to AFS has become a very important tool in determination of mercury species in environmental samples in last years. The paper presents the possibilities of current analytical methods available with use this technique.

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Mercury fractionation in sediments of the Lower Vistula River (Poland)

Boszke L., Kowalski A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.3

79-99

EN

The Vistula is the second largest river in the Baltic Sea catchment area and provides one of the main inputs to the Baltic. The river and its tributaries flow through some of the major industrialized and urbanised regions of Poland, making it one of the most highly human-impacted rivers in Europe. Although the river status is monitored routinely, little is known about mercury forms in the sediments. This study examines mercury fractionation in the sediments of the lower part of the Vistula River. The results show that the cities along this stretch of river have a relatively low impact on both the mercury forms found in the sediment and its bioavailability in the floodplain soils. The mean concentration of total mercury in the sediments was 65 š14 ng g^-1 dry mass (range 54-92), calculated as the sum of mercury concentrations in the individual fractions. The most abundantly represented of these fractions were mercury bound to sulphides (68 š11%, range 55-82%) and humic matter (19 š10%, range 10-35%), with lower fractions of water-soluble mercury (6.9 š2.9%, range 5.1-13%) and organomercury compounds (6.4 š5.3%, range 0.6-13%). The least abundant fraction observed was acid-soluble mercury (0.3 š0.2%, range 0.1-0.6%). Similar concentrations and fractionation were observed in floodplain soils from Kieżmark, collected 1, 10 and 50 meters from the riverbed.

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Rtęć w środowisku przyrodniczym

Kowalski A., Niedzielski P., Siepak J., Boszke L.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2005

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nr 3

18-19

PL

Znaczenie rtęci jako substancji skażającej środowisko naturalne wynika ze specyficznej natury tego metalu, zdeterminowanej mnogością źródeł zanieczyszczenia, lotnością, ruchliwością, trwałością i dużą toksycznością jej poszczególnych form chemicznych - głównie metylortęci i rtęci pierwiastkowej.

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Fluxes and balance of mercury in the inner Bay of Puck, southern Baltic, Poland: an overview

Boszke L.

Oceanologia

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2005

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No. 47 (3)

325-350

EN

The aim of the study was to analyse the balance of mercury (Hg), i.e. the content of this metal, its inflow and outflow, in the ecosystem of the Bay of Puck. Based on literature data and the results of the author's own study, this analysis has shown that the main source of Hg pollution is the atmosphere. An estimated 1.1-3.8 kg of Hg enters annually from the atmosphere, whereas the mass of Hg carried there by river waters per annum is about 7 times lower (0.13-0.44 kg year^-1). The 0.9-2.7 kg year^-1 of Hg released from Bay of Puck waters to the atmosphere is of the same order as the quantity deposited from the atmosphere. The total amount of Hg deposited in the upper (0-5 cm deep) layer of the sediments has been estimated at 240-320 kg, its rate of entry being c. 2.25-2.81 kg year^-1. 0.25-1.25 kg year^-1 of Hg are released from the bottom sediments to bulk water, while 0.61-0.97 kg remains confined in aquatic organisms, including 133 g in the phytobenthos, 2.6 g in the zooplankton, 420-781 g in the macrozoobenthos and 34 g in fish.

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High-performance liquid chromatography as a valuable tool for determination of mercury species in environmental samples : a review

Boszke L.

Chemia Analityczna

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2005

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Vol. 50, No. 3

489-505

EN

Different strategies for mercury species analysis in environmental samples by liquid chroma-tography and different approaches to sampling and preservation of mercury species during their storage have been reviewed. Extraction techniques of mercury species from environmental samples, including possibilities of mercury preconcentration have been described. Separation mechanisms of mercury species by liquid chromatographic techniques, such as reverse phase and ion-pair chromatography have been discussed. Different techniques for sensitive and selective detection of mercury and detection limits achievable with hyphenated techniques have been also critically reviewed. .

PL

W pracy dokonano przeglądu i oceny zastosowań chromatografii cieczowej z różnymi układami detekcji do rozdzielania i oznaczania związków rtęci w próbkach przyrodniczych. Opisano metody pobierania próbek, ich przechowywania, a także metody wyodrębniania związków rtęci z matryc i ich zatężanie. Scharakteryzowano różne mechanizmy rozdzielania związków rtęci występujące w chromatografii cieczowej, m.in. w odwróconym układzie faz i przy tworzeniu par jonowych. Krytycznej ocenie poddano różne metody detekcji stosowane w chromatografii cieczowej oraz podano granice oznaczalności przy ich wykorzystaniu. Przedstawiono też granice oznaczalności dla innych technik łączonych, stosowanych w analizie specjacyjnej związków rtęci.

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Nowe regulacje prawne dopuszczalnych stężeń rtęci w wybranych elementach środowiska. (Dane aktualne na dzień 11 września 2003)

Kowalski A., Boszke L.

Ekologia i Technika

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2003

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R. 11, nr 5

12-18

PL

W artykule zestawiono najnowsze i obowiązujące w prawie polskim dopuszczalne zawartości i stężenia rtęci w komponentach środowiska, tj. woda, gleby, osady denne i ściekowe, ścieki, powietrze, żywność, opakowania. Ponadto podano stawki opłat produktowych, opłat za korzystanie ze środowiska, kary za przekroczenie dopuszczalnych ilości rtęci wprowadzanych wraz ze ściekami do wód lub ziemi. Stan prawny aktualny na dzień 11 września 2003 roku.

EN

The paper presents the legally admissible concentrations of mercury in the natural environment components such as water, soil, bottom and waste sediments, sewage, air, food products and packaging. The authors also give the product rates, charges for the use of the environmental resources, fines for introduction of mercury at concentrations above the admissible ones with wastes into the natural environment (soil or water). The data presented are based on the legal status valid on the 11th of September, 2003.

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Wybrane aspekty specjacji rtęci w powietrzu atmosferycznym

Boszke L., Siepak J.

Ekologia i Technika

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2002

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R. 10, nr 3

67-75

EN

Different forms of mercury have different physical and chemical properities and thus behave different in their biogeochemical cycles. For example, while Hg(II) is water-soluble and may be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition close to combustion sources, the combination of high vapour pressure and low water-solubility facilitate the long-range transport of Hg° in the atmosphere. Elementary mercury is eventually removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition onto surfaces and by wet deposition after oxidation to watersoluble, divalent mercury. In this article, we reviewed findings on mercury speciation in the air, including both transformation and transport different forms of mercury. We also reviewed distribution forms of mercury in the air and their fluxes between atmosphere and surfaces.

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Analityczne aspekty oznaczania rtęci całkowitej oraz form fizyczno-chemicznych rtęci w próbkach środowiskowych. Część II. Oznaczanie form fizyczno-chemicznych rtęci

Boszke L., Kowalski A., Głosińska G., Siepak J.

Ekologia i Technika

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2002

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R. 10, nr 5

139-147

EN

It is not an easy task to obtain reliable results in speciation analysis of mercury, since it is conditioned by appropriate selection of sampling techniques, storage and preparation of samples ensuring stability of the individual chemical forms. Procedures applied in speciation analysis of mercury are time-consuming, they need the well-trained staff and moreover, they are expensive since an expensive research apparatus is required. Therefore, the studies on physico-chemical form of mercury in environmental samples are carried out only in a few academic centres. However, the continuous development of new analytical techniques, particularly coupled ones, should in future result in development of considerably simpler and cheaper methods with commercially available testing equipment applied in speciation analysis of mercury.

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Analityczne aspekty oznaczania rtęci całkowitej oraz form fizyczno - chemicznych rtęci w próbkach środowiskowych. Część I. Pobieranie, przechowywanie, zatężanie oraz oznaczanie rtęci całkowitej

Boszke L., Kowalski A., Głosińska G., Siepak J.

Ekologia i Technika

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2002

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R. 10, nr 4

106-112

EN

During last years, many review papers concerning speciation analytics of mercury in the environmental samples were published, however, continuous development of analytical techniques, mainly coupled (combined) ones, brings about the necessity to present actual trends in speciation analysis of mercury. Moreover, analytical procedure involves not only the detection system but also many steps beginning from sampling. Therefore, the objective of the publication has been to present actual methods applied in preparation of samples, storage, preconcentration and analysis of samples, both in the aspect of total mercury assessment and its physico-chemical forms. This review describes various analytical methods for the total mercury determination in environmental samples. The analytical techniques such as INAA, ICP-MS, ICP-AES, CV-AAS, CV-AFS are critically reviewed. Also, the available detection limits are given for these techniques. Moreover, different methods for preservation of the mercury forms during storage and preparation of the samples, as well as various analytical methods of mercury preconcentration before analysis are presented.

10

Ewaluacja pojęć specjacja i analiza specjacyjna w literaturze polskiej

Głosińska G., Boszke L., Siepak J.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2001

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Vol. 8, nr 11

1109-1119

PL

Równolegle z dynamicznym rozwojem analityki specjacyjnej postępował proces tworzenia nowych terminów związanych z problematyką specjacji. Jednakże w dostępnym piśmiennictwie, zarówno polskim, jak i zagranicznym istnieją istotne rozbieżności odnośnie rozumienia i definiowania pojęć specjacja i analiza specjacyjna. Praca ma na celu przedstawienie istniejącego stanu nomenklaturowego w tej dziedzinie oraz wykazanie konieczności uporządkowania terminologicznego pojęć związanych ze specjacją.

EN

One of the major goals of this survey of Polish publications connected with the different understanding of terms related to chemical speciation and fractionation of elements. This paper has shown the necessity of ending the present confusion and adopting the IUPAC point of view concerned with these definitions.