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A Brief History of UTC Leap Second

Lewandowski Włodzimierz, Marszalec Michał

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

2023

nr 4

117--122

Since 1972 , a leap second has been added, approximately once a year, into UTC, the world’s atomic time scale used for civilian purposes, to keep it in phase with the Earth’s rotation. Leap seconds ensure that the Sun remains over the Greenwich meridian at noon, with the accuracy of approximately 1 s. The issue of adding the leap second has been debated since 2000 by different working groups of various international organizations, especially ITU-R WP 7A. The main question remains whether the need for the leap second still exists, as its introduction is associated with numerous technical inconveniences. An overwhelming opinion that prevails in those groups is that it would be more beneficial to let the atomic time run its course and accept that the world’s civilian time scale is bound to slowly diverge from the rotation of the Earth. The National Institute of Telecommunications has become, in recent years, one of the leaders of this process. This article provides a brief history of the current UTC-related practices and outlines various potential solutions to the problem.

Efficient frequency jumps detection algorithm for atomic clock comparisons

Marszalec Michał, Lusawa Marzenna, Osuch Tomasz

Metrology and Measurement Systems

2021

Vol. 28, nr 1

107--121

In this paper a new method of frequency jumps detection in data from atomic clock comparisons is proposed. The presented approach is based on histogram analysis for different time intervals averaging phasetime data recorded over a certain period of time. Our method allows identification of multiple frequency jumps for long data series as well to almost real-time jump detection in combination with advanced filtering. Several methods of preliminary data processing have been tested (simple averaging, moving average and Vondrak filtration), to achieve flexibility in adjusting the algorithm parameters for current needs which is the key to its use in determining ensemble time scale or to control systems of physical time scales, such as UTC(PL). The best results have been achieved with the Vondrak filter.