Badanie kanałów przełazowych metodą nieniszczącą przy użyciu systemu MAC dostarcza wiarygodnych danych do oceny stanu ich konstrukcji oraz, w razie potrzeby, do prawidłowego wyboru metody rehabilitacji badanego przewodu.
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Assessing the man-accessible pipes using the non-destructive method – the MAC system – allows acquiring the reliable data that can be used not only for the assessment, but also for making the proper choice of the rehabilitation method, if it is needed. IKT, The Institute of the Underground Infrastructure, used the MAC system in many German cities, like Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Schwerte and Worms. Institute has also sent the system to the Great Britain where it was used for assessing the pipelines in Bournemouth and Weston-super-Mare.
The Stajnia Cave is one of the most important archaeological sites due to the finds of the first remains of Neanderthals in Poland, and several tens of thousands of flint artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic. Based on geological, geochemical, palaeobotanical, palaeozoological, archaeological and isotope analyses, coupled with absolute age determinations (OSL, U-Th and C14), 15 lithostratigraphic layers were distinguished and palaeoenvironmental conditions during the sedimentation of these beds were determined. The cave loams accumulated through weathering, aeolian and fluvial processes. Their age may be correlated with an interval from the Early Glacial to the Late Pleniglacial of the Visulian (Weichselian) Glaciation. Archaeological relics related to the Neanderthals have been discovered in layer D with an absolute age of about 52,000–45,000 years BP and correlated with MIS 3 – the Middle Plenivistulian (Interplenivistulian). Climate oscillations in the Vistulian are reflected by the type of the sediments and their physical-chemical features, allowing determining warmer interstadial and colder stadial periods. Generally, the climate was cold, characteristic of tundra areas with a typical vegetation and fauna, and with the mean temperature of the warmest month not exceeding 12°C. Based on multi-proxy studies it can be concluded that from layer E1 upwards, the climate conditions became progressively drier. At that time, the climate was cold with continental features enhancing tundra domination. This conclusion is confirmed by palaeontological investigations and the record of stable oxygen isotopes in the teeth of reindeer. The studies have also indicated seasonal migration of reindeer on the tundra that surrounded the cave. Probably, short-term slight climate warmings occurred during the Middle Plenivistulian (Interplenivistulian).
The paper presents general climate changes during the last 2.6 Ma in the Northern Hemisphere. Plant formations of warm intervals (interglacials and interstadials) are briefly described. Disappearance of some more climate-sensitive tree taxa as well as climate changes during the Pleistocene in Northern Europe are also portrayed.
Many terrestrial pollen profiles from Poland (and a few pollen records from other parts of Central Europe) show the end of the last interglacial (Eemian, MIS 5e) to have been characterized by climatic and environmental instability. This is expressed by a strong, rapid cooling in the middle part of the pine phase ending this interglacial (E7 regional pollen assemblage zone), and then a re-warming at the very end of this phase, immediately before the transition to the glacial conditions of the last glaciation (Vistulian, Weichselian, MIS 5d). We have characterized the regional distribution of these climatic fluctuations in Poland on the basis of isopollen maps prepared for the Eemian Interglacial based on palynological data from 31 Polish pollen profiles. These maps show unequivocally that the intra-interglacial cooling at the end of the Eemian Interglacial was a transregional phenomenon, which was reflected very clearly by a temporary openness of vegetation across the whole of Poland. It was associated with a distinct decrease in pine forest areas and an increase in birch forests and open communities of cold steppe type with a domination of Artemisia. The pronounced climate and environment instability during the last phase of the Eemian Interglacial may be consistent with it being a natural phenomenon, characteristic of transitional stages. Taking into consideration the currently observed global warming, coinciding with a natural cooling trend, the study of such transitional stages is important for understanding the underlying processes of climate change.
A new borehole in Rożce (SW Mazovian Lowland) drilled in 2012, combined with a wide variety of research methods (palaeomagnetism, palynological analysis, studies of plant macroremains and textural features of deposits) shed new light on the age and stratigraphic position of the Early Pleistocene deposits, formerly assigned as the Lower Pleistocene. The study focuses on the deposits from 50.7-104.0 m depth, between glacial till of the Nidanian Glaciation (ca. 0.9 Ma) and the Poznań Clays (ca. 5.322 Ma). The deposits situated directly underneath the till (50.7-60.2 m) are related to the Nidanian Glaciation and show a reversed polarity and correlate with the end of the Matuyama Epoch. The deposits from 60.2-104.0 m depth were accumulated during the Early Pliocene, i.e. approximately 5.332-4.6 million years ago. They appear to correlate with the middle part of the Gilbert Palaeomagnetic Epoch and thus they are considerably older than previously thought. The cored section indicates a stratigraphic gap of about 3.5 Ma from the Lower Pliocene to the first advance of the Scandinavian ice sheets into Poland, which are thought to have occurred in the early Middle Pleistocene. The analysed deposits accumulated under variable climatic conditions showing two periods with significant aridity alternated with two periods of increased humidity. Deposits of the arid periods contain no pollen, butaeolian sand quartz grains are found. During periods of more humid climate the area was covered by various types of mixed forest.
Podczas prac kartograficznych prowadzonych w celu realizacji arkusza Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą Szczegółowej Mapy Geologicznej Polski (SMGP) 1:50 000 wykonano następujące otwory badawcze: Wólka Ligęzowska, Wysokin, Sacin, Ceteń 8 i Ceteń 9. Osady występujące w profilach Wysokin, Sacin, Ceteń 8 i Ceteń 9 reprezentowały formację preglacjalną z charakterystycznymi warstwami piaszczystymi, mułkowymi, piaszczysto-mułkowymi i ilastymi, często z humusem i przewarstwieniami torfu. Seria z Wólki Ligęzowskiej miała charakter jeziorno-bagienny. W celu rekonstrukcji zmian roślinności i klimatu posłużono się metodą analizy pyłkowej. Historię zmian roślinności odniesiono do wydzielonych poziomów pyłkowych, które pogrupowano w fazy rozwoju roślinności, a następnie okresy klimatyczno-stratygraficzne. Podstawę do wydzielenia tych faz i okresów stanowiły: podobieństwo florystyczne lokalnych zespołów poziomów pyłkowych (L PAZ), występowanie elementów flory subtropikalnej (P2), arktycznotrzeciorzędowej (A), procentowy udział poszczególnych taksonów w poziomach pyłkowych, procentowy udział taksonów ciepłoumiarkowanych (A1) i chłodnoumiarkowanych (A2), należących do geoflory arktycznotrzeciorzędowej (A). Ponadto wzięto pod uwagę stosunek wartości pyłku drzew i krzewów (AP) do pyłku krzewinek i roślin zielnych (NAP) jako wskaźnik odlesienia i otwartości krajobrazu, skład taksonomiczny oraz procentowy udział NAP, wskazujący na charakter zbiorowisk występujących na siedliskach otwartych. Okresy klimatyczno-stratygraficzne stanowią podstawę do podziału stratygraficznego badanych osadów i jednocześnie dokumentują wielkoskalowe zmiany klimatyczne, wyrażające globalne zmiany klimatu. Interpretacja danych palinologicznych pozwala na określenie wieku osadów z Wólki Ligęzowskiej. Dane pyłkowe pozwalają na korelację fazy 1 WL z poziomem XIII Sequoiapollenites i odniesienie do piętra zankl. Następne fazy, 2 i 3 WL, odniesiono do poziomu XIV Faguspollenites. W związku z brakiem poziomu pyłkowego dla fazy 4 WL zaproponowano wydzielenie poziomu XV Pinuspollenites. Okres II skorelowano z piętrem piacenz. Zapis silnego ochłodzenia klimatu, jaki występował między II i III okresem klimatyczno-stratygraficznym w Wólce Ligęzowskiej, można korelować z globalnymi zmianami klimatycznymi występującymi na granicy neogen/ czwartorzęd, które są datowane astronomicznie na 2,588 Ma, a strop osadów okresu II należy korelować z morskim stadium izotopowym MIS 103. Sekwencja zmian roślinności i klimatu z Wólki Ligęzowskiej doskonale koreluje się z globalnymi zmianami klimatycznymi charakterystycznymi dla pliocenu (do 2,6 Ma) i plejstocenu dolnego. W profilach z Wysokina, Sacina, Cetenia 8 udokumentowano głównie zapis palinologiczny schyłku okresów ciepłych i okresy zimne zgodne z cyklem zmian klimatycznych w plejstocenie dolnym, w którym występują oziębienia i ocieplenia klimatu związane z rozwojem i zanikiem pokrywy lodowcowej na półkuli północnej. Facje rzeczne, z których w większości jest zbudowana formacja preglacjalna, powodują występowanie luk w zapisie palinologicznym, a stopień rozpoznania zmian roślinności w tym czasie jest bardzo ogólny. W miarę konsekwentny przebieg zmian roślinności i klimatu pozwala na wyróżnienie w obrębie plejstocenu dolnego nowej jednostki klimatyczno-stratygraficznej – ocieplenia ceteń. Na podstawie wyników analizy pyłkowej wiek osadów skorelowano z innymi stanowiskami z Polski i Europy.
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Mapping survey carried out within the Detailed Geological Map of Poland, 1:50,000, sheet Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą, included drillings at the following locations: Wólka Ligęzowska, Wysokin, Sacin, Ceteń 8 and Ceteń 9. Sediments of Wysokin, Sacin and Ceteń 8 and 9 represented a preglacial series with characteristic sandy, silty, sandy-silty and clayey layers, frequently with humus and interbeddings of peat. The series from Wólka Ligęzowska was of a lacustrine-boggy type. Changes in vegetation and climate were reconstructed by means of pollen analysis. The history of vegetational changes was referred to the distinguished Local Pollen Assemblage Zones, grouped into phases of vegetational development and, eventually, into climatostratigraphic periods. Climatostratigraphic periods provided a basis for the distinction of stratigraphic units within the examined sediments and served as a record of large-scale climatic changes resulting from global climate changes. The phases and periods were defined on the basis of: floral similarity of L PAZ, occurrence of subtropical (P2) and arctic-Tertiary (A) elements and their frequency, percentage values of particular taxa in zones, percentage values of warm-moderate (A1) and cool-moderate (A2) taxa of the arctic-Tertiary (A) geoflora, AP/NAP ratio (pollen of trees and shrubs/ pollen of dwarf shrubs and herbaceous plants) as an indicator of deforestation and landscape openness, percentage values and taxonomic composition of NAP. Interpretation of the obtained palynological data provided a basis for determining the age of sediments from Wólka Ligęzowska. Pollen data support a correlation of phase 1 WL with zone XIII Sequoiapollenites (Piwocki, Ziembińska-Tworzydło, 1995, 1997) and with the Zanclean. The subsequent phases, 2 and 3 WL, are conformable with zone XIV Faguspollenites. As phase 4 WL could not be assigned to any zone, distinction of zone XV Pinuspollenites was proposed. Phase II was correlated with the Piacenz. The strong climatic cooling, recorded in Wólka Ligęzowska between climatostratigraphic periods II and III, is likely to correspond to global climatic changes typifying the Neogene/ Quaternary boundary, astronomically dated to 2.588 Ma, while the top part of period II sediments should be correlated with MIS (Marine Isotope Stage) 103. The sequence of vegetational and climatic changes from Wólka Ligęzowska shows an excellent correlation with global climatic changes typifying the Pliocene (up to ca. 2.6 My) and Lower Pleistocene. The sections of Wysokin, Sacin and Ceteń 8 bear mainly a palynological record of the closing phases of warm and cold periods, conformable with the Lower Pleistocene cycle of climatic changes, following the de¬velopment and disappearance of glacial cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Regrettably, the most of the preglacial series are formed by fluvial facies: the palynological record includes gaps, allowing only for a partial reconstruction of the vegetational changes proceeding in this time. Within the Lower Pleistocene, the climatostratigraphic unit of the Ceteń warming was defined. Results of pollen analysis provided a basis for correlating the age of sediments with other Polish and European sites.
Geological mapping in eastern Poland resulted in new find of organic deposits near Włodawa. Pollen and plant macrofossils analyses at the Dobropol site proved deposition during the Mazovian (Holsteinian) Interglacial (MIS 11) Pollen spectra indicated strong predominance of Carpinus in the optimum phase (pollen period III), suggesting intensive influence of continental climate in this part of Poland. The paleolake Dobropol was shallow, with many species of rushes in a littoral zone. During the Liviecian (MIS 10) and the Krznanian (MIS 8) Glaciations the reservoir was occupied by an ice-dam lake, in which silt and clay deposition prevailed. The Mazovian Interglacial organic deposits were also recorded in immediate surroundings of the study area. Based on geological and paleobotanical examination of the Dobropol site, the ice sheet of the Krznanian Glaciation seemed to have reached at least the southern part of Włodawa. The ice sheet has not covered presumably the whole study area as its advance occurred in several lobes. The surroundings of Włodawa in the West Polesie Region are the third largest Mazovian paleo-lakeland area in Poland, apart from the vicinities of Biała Podlaska and the Łuków Plain.
The most representative and long Late Pleistocene pollen sequences covering the late glacial of the penultimate glaciation (Warta/Pripiat), the last interglacial (Eemian/Muravian) and the early glacial of the Last Glaciation (Vistulian/Poozerie) from the territory of Poland and Belarus have been correlated. The resemblance ofpollen spectra in these pollen sequences and a parallel succession of Regional Pollen Assemblage Zones in the considered time intervals suggest that the natural environment of Poland and Belarus underwent synchronous changes under unidirectional climatic transformations. Qualitative and quantitative features of the Regional Pollen Assemblage Zones show similarities and differences in vegetation and climate changes in the study area. A comparison of the pollen spectra from Poland and Belarus suggests that both territories were affected by a similar climate particularly during the cold intervals. Some differences between the compositions of the pollen spectra were noticed as concerns the interglacial period. For instance, Abies and Taxus pollen as well as significantly high percentages of Calluna vulgaris pollen in NE Poland towards the end of the period are present only in the Polish sections. This may suggest a more Atlantic type of the climate during the Last Interglacial in Poland than in Belarus.
Core drilling of a hole Bysławek-2 consisted of gyttja and peat, lying on the mineral deposits (fluvioglacial sand). Lake sediments and peat were investigated by pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating (AMS). Sedimentation of mineral deposits took place into the subglacial channel, during the Main Stage of the Vistula Glaciation. The beginning of sedimentation in lake is dating at 13 340 š 70 years 14C BP, but pollen data suggest the Alleröd character of vegetation. According to pollen analysis gyttja and peat covered the period from the Alleröd to the Subboreal. The Alleröd forest dominated by Pinus sylvestris became more open in the Younger Dryas. The Holocene history of vegetation is characterized by relatively low content of Carpinus and Fagus in forest. Human impact was also generally low throughout the Holocene.
Metodą analizy pyłkowej zbadano serię osadów z głębokości 93,10-126,00 m z profilu wiertniczego Czarnucha. W sukcesji pyłkowej wyróżniono 26 lokalnych poziomów pyłkowych L PAZ, które stanowią podstawę do rozważań palinostratygraficznych oraz pozwalają na odtworzenie historii roślinności. Zapis sukcesji dokumentuje dwa ciepłe okresy - interglacjały i poziomy z florą pyłkową reprezentującą zlodowacenie/ochłodzenie. Starszy interglacjał obrazuje schyłek sukcesji z dominacją borealnej flory pyłkowej i udziałem Azolla filiculoides Lam. foss. W młodszym pojawia się pyłek Carpinus i zarejestrowany jest rozwój lasów liściastych z udziałem Ulmus, Acer, Fraxinus i Corylus. W okresie chłodnym rozdzielającym interglacjały wyraźnie zaznacza się flora pyłkowa charakteryzująca ciepły interstadiał. Sukcesja pyłkowa z Czarnuchy i jej charakterystyczne cechy pozwalają na jej korelację z sukcesją augustowską.
EN
Palynological analysis was used to study deposits in the Czarnucha section at the depth of 93.10-126.00 m, where 26 Local Pollen Assemblage Zones (L PAZ) have been distinguished within the pollen succession. The zones are a basis for palynostratigraphic considerations and allow for a reconstruction of the vegetation history. The pollen succession recorded in this section provides an evidence of two warm interglacial periods and a number of horizons with pollen flora suggesting a glacial age. The older warm interglacial illustrates a decline of the succession with dominant boreal pollen flora and the presence ofAzolla filiculoides Lam. foss. The younger warm period is characterized by the occurrence of Carpinus and the development of deciduous forests with abundant Ulmus, Acer, Fraxinus and Corylus. In the cool interval separating the interglacials, a pollen flora typical of a warm interstadial is observed. The Czarnucha pollen succession and its characteristics allow for a correlation with the Augustów succession.
W odwierconych w latach 1988-1989 profilach otworów badawczych Sucha Wieś i Czarnucha, napotkano na organiczne i mineralne oraz rzeczne osady interglacjalne. Badania palinologiczne i litologiczno-petrograficzne tych osadów oraz datowania paleomagnetyczne określiły ich wiek na interglacjał augustowski (Augustovian), korelowany z Cromerianem I (Waardenburg). Przedstawiono stratygrafię i wiek osadów dolnego plejstocenu występujących w profilach Sucha Wieś i Czarnucha w nawiązaniu do innych profili położonych w obrębie Równiny Augustowskiej, Pojezierza Suwalskiego, Pojezierza Ełckiego oraz obszarów Rosji, Litwy i Białorusi.
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In the Sucha Wieś and Czarnucha boreholes drilled in 1988-1989, interglacial lacustrine and fluvial organic organic and mineral deposits were encountered. Palynological and lithologic-petrographical analyses and palaeomagnetic datings indicate that these deposits are of Augustovian Interglacial age, compared to Cromerian I (Waardenburg). This report shows the stratigraphy and age of the Lower Pleistocene deposits from the Sucha Wieś and Czarnucha sections with a correlation to other sections located in the Augustów Plain, Suwałki Lakeland, Ełk Lakeland and Russia, Lithuania and Belarus.
Series of lacustrine-boggy sediments from a drilling core at the Żarnowo site (the Augustów Plain, NE Poland) have been investigated by means of high-resolution pollen analysis. The pollen succession from Żarnowo is of a long pollen sequence nature. Twenty three local pollen assemblage zones representing decline of the Narevian Glaciation, Augustovian Interglacial and the beginning of the Nidanian Glaciation have been distinguished. The interglacial part of the pollen succession is characterized by the presence of two warm stages (of interglacial rank) separated by a cold stage comprising stadial and interstadial intervals. This long pollen sequence was compared with other pollen sequences from the Augustów Plain, and with those of the Ferdynandovian age.
Eastern Poland is a region, where a lot of sites with detailed palynological records of the Mazovian (Holsteinian) Interglacial are located. The pollen succession of this interglacial in Eastern Poland has specific features: high proportions of Pterocarya pollen, the occurrence of Parrotia pollen and a distinct share of pollen of other exotic taxa, among others: Juglans, Ilex, Celtis, Buxus and Vitis. Palynological studies reveal variability proportions of Taxus in the Ma IV Taxus-Picea-Alnus zone. The presence of intra-interglacial cooling is distinct in sediments of this age.
Fluvio-lacustrine deposits from a boring core drilled at Domuraty, NE Poland have been examined by pollen and diatom analyses. These studies allow characterization of the development of vegetation in a long pollen sequence, and of palaeoenvironmental changes in the former basin based on quantitative and qualitative changes in diatom assemblages along the profile studied. The pollen record shows a sequence of phases with forest communities separated by phases of open vegetation. It demonstrates the impact of rapid, of lesser climate changes, as well as climatic fluctuations on terrestrial ecosystems. The age of the succession can be related to the Cromerian Complex Stages.l. (early Mid dle Pleistocene). Stage s.l. (early Mid dle Pleis to cene).
W artykule omówiono problemy mogące pojawić się podczas eksploatacji i magazynowania izolatorów kompozytowych: porosty pochodzenia biologicznego, zmiany koloru powierzchni izolatorów oraz zagrożenia powodowane przez pewne gatunki ptaków i gryzoni. Są one mniej znane i nie były dotychczas opisywane w literaturze polskiej.
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Discussed are problems which can occur during exploitation and storage of composite insulators: biological growth, changes of insulators' surface colour and hazards caused by some species of birds and rodents. The problems are usually less known and have not been described in Polish literature so far.
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Seria osadów jeziorno-rzecznych z profilu Rzecino (Wysoczyzna Łobeska, Pojezierze Zachodniopomorskie) została zbadana metodą analizy pyłkowej oraz analizy podatności magnetycznej i uziarnienia. Sukcesja pyłkowa wskazuje, że badane osady należą do interglacjału eemskiego i wczesnej części zlodowacenia wisły. Sekwencja eemska ma przebieg podobny do innych sukcesji tego wieku znanych z obszaru Polski. Inaczej jest wyrażona granica interglacjał eemski/zlodowacenie wisły, charakteryzująca się wysokim udziałem pyłku Calluna vulgaris i Ericaceae. Zmiany roślinności zapisane w diagramie pyłkowym związane ze zmianami klimatycznymi zostały potwierdzone przez zmiany podatności magnetycznej.
EN
A series of lacustrine-fluvial sediments from the Rzecino section (Łobez Upland, Western Pomerania Lakeland) were investigated by pollen studies and magnetic susceptibility and granulometric analyses. The pollen succession indicates Eemian and early Vistulian age of the sediments. The Eemian sequence shows a similar vegetational pattern characteristic of other sections from Poland. The Eem/Vistulian transition differs from a classic boundary between the Eemian Interglacial and the Vistulian Glaciation in Poland. The expansion of Calluna vulgaris associated with Ericaceae signals the beginning of the Vistulian Glaciation. The vegetation changes recorded in the pollen diagram, reflecting climatic fluctuations, have been confirmed by magnetic susceptibility variations.
Gajec [Rze-1] borehole was drilled for needs of detailed geological mapping of Poland at the scale 1 : 50 000 (sheet Rzepin ). A deep tunnel valley was recognized in this borehole. It was eroded to 120 m below a see level in the Lower Miocene sediments. The tunnel was filled with 85 m thick series of sands, mud and dusty till deposited during the San Glaciation [the Elsterian Glaciation]. The sediments from the depth interval of 67,9 m - 57,1 m have been examined by palinological analysis. The data obtained indicate that the pollen succession from the Gajec section has features characteristic of the Mazovian [Holsteinian] pollen succession. These features are the high proportion of coniferous trees [Pinus, Picea, Taxus, Abies], and the association of Alnus with Picea and Carpinus with Abies, Quercus and Corylus as well the most abundant thermophilous elements. Warmth-demanding taxa are represented by pollen of Pterocarya, Celtis, Juglans, Buxus, Ilex aquifolium and Vitis.
The paper discusses issues of the distinguishing mono-interglacials (Eemian, Mazovian and Zbojnian ones) and bi-interglacials (Ferdynandovian and Augustovian ones) pollen successions as well as a problem of cooling/glaciation within Ferdynandovian and Augustovian pollen successions. Division of the Ferdynandovian and Augustovian pollen successions into two separated interglacials each (FI and FII, AI and A II, respectivaly) and the glaciation sensu lato (F I/II and A I/II) between these interglacials from the climatostratigraphical point of view is proposed.
W południowo-wschodniej części Niziny Śląskiej w międzyrzeczu Nysy Kłodzkiej i Odry występuje zwarty kompleks neogeńskich osadów rzecznych formacji Gozdnicy. Badania osadów tej formacji prowadzono na stanowisku Tułowice na Równinie Niemodlińskiej. Analiza minerałów ciężkich wykazała, że osady dolnej części profilu, o całkowitej miąższości 18 m, najprawdopodobniej są związane z Nysą Kłodzką, natomiast górnej — z Odrą. Szczegółowym badaniom sedymentologicznym poddano odsłaniające się w wyrobisku osady górnej części profilu. Wyróżniono cztery kompleksy osadów. Na podstawie analizy litofacjalnej stwierdzono, że trzy pierwsze kompleksy powstawały głównie w systemie rzeki meandrującej. Osady kompleksu 4 reprezentują natomiast rzekę o układzie anastomozującym. Próbki z mułowo-ilastych warstw kompleksu 1 i 2 poddano analizie paleobotanicznej. Wynikająca z niej zmienność szaty roślinnej wykazała tendencję do zmian krótkookresowych oscylacji średnich temperatur i wilgotności. Na podstawie badań spektrów pyłkowych stwierdzono plioceński wiek osadów. Transformacja układu koryta, wynikająca z analizy sukcesji osadowej, mogła mieć związek z coraz większymi zmianami klimatycznymi późnego pliocenu, bezpośrednio poprzedzającymi ochłodzenie z początku plejstocenu.
EN
Neogene fluvial deposits of the Gozdnica Formation constitute a continuous cover in the southeastern part of the Silesian Lowland, in the Nysa Kłodzka and Odra interfluve. The 18 m thick succession of these deposits was studied in the Tułowice site on the Niemodlin Plain. Heavy mineral analysis indicates that deposits of the lower part of the succession were probably accumulated by the Nysa Kłodzka River, and those of the upper part — by the Odra River. Detailed sedimentological research was conducted in an excavation where the latter deposits are exposed. Four lithologic complexes were distinguished. It was found that three older complexes were formed mostly ha a meandering river system. The deposits of complex 4 represent alluvium of an anastomozing river system. Palaeobotanical analyses were made for silty-clayey deposits of complexes 1 and 2, and revealed plant cover variability indicating a climatic tendency for short-term oscillations of mean temperatures and humidity. Pollen spectra evidenced Pliocene age of the deposits under study. Both sedimentological and paleobotanical data indicate that the change of fluvial environment could have been associated with a progressive climatic change during the Late Pliocene, directly preceding the Early Pleistocene cooling.
The borehole at Radówek (Łagów Lakeland, western Poland) was made during cartographic works for the Detailed Geological Map of Poland in 1 : 50 000 scale (sheet Słubice upon Odra). Deposits of 200 m thickness were drilled. Till and lacustrine — boggy sediments have been investigated by lithopetrographical investiga-tions and by pollen analysis. This series consists of laminated gyttja with clayey laminas with shells of mollusks and floral detritus and a layer of brown-black peat. The profile of the interglacial deposits ended with finely laminated sands with organic substance. According to palynological data, the sediments in the depth 23,30 to 18,75 m belong to the Upper Warthanian Glaciation, the Eemian Interglacial and the Early Vistulian Glaciation. The described sequence lies above a 18,5 m thick layer of till correlated with lithotype till Karolewo and Naratow. This indicates its Wartanian Glaciation age. The sandy till at the top of the profile was assigned to till of Maliniec type recognized in Poznań region that is considered to be of the Early Vistulian deposits.
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