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Prospects of lithium extraction from geothermal brines and evaporite deposits in Poland

Razowska-Jaworek Lidia, Burliga Stanisław, Belzyt Szymon, Tomaszewska Barbara

Przegląd Geologiczny

2025

Vol. 73, nr 3

297--304

Due to the growing demand for lithium mainly related to the increase in the production of lithiumion batteries used in electric or hybrid vehicles and in portable electronic equipment, and to a lesser extent also in other strategic fields (military, nuclear technologies), new lithium deposits are being searched for in many countries, as well as possibilities of extracting this metal from brines or evaporites. As a result, its global resources have doubled in the last six years, and, in 2020, lithium was included on the list of critical raw materials to the European Union economy. No lithium deposits have been identified in Poland yet, and all domestic demand is imported. The article provide an overview of lithium deposits and the prospects for lithium extraction from various types of minerals and brines in Poland, focusing on the possibility of recovery of lithium from marine evaporite deposits and geothermal brines. Among the evaporite deposits, the Upper Permian (Zechstein) evaporites deserve special attention, while among the brines, there are deep brine horizons in the Lower Permian Basin in western Poland, which is a continuation of the North German Basin, as well as the area of the Fore-Sudetic Homocline, and brines in the Zechstein carbonate formations, where numerous active or abandoned natural gas deposits are located. Analysis of available databases of deep boreholes, mine waters and geothermal facilities in Poland, shows that out of 816 physicochemical analyses of water in which the lithium content was determined, only in 13 cases its value exceeded 50 mg/l. The maximum content of 290 mg/l was recorded in brine from Permian from a depth of 3614 m in the Wyrzysk IG 1 borehole. It is recommended to explore the possibility of lithium recovery from evaporite deposits and geothermal brines in Poland. In addition to lithium, such research should cover other raw materials, including: boron, arsenic, magnesium, potassium, strontium, cesium, bromine, iodine and rubidium, because co-recovery is always more profitable than the recovery of a single element. Simultaneous energy production from thermal waters should be necessarily considered, because mineral recovery technologies are expensive and energy-consuming. This energy could also be sold, which would increase the profitability of the recovery installation.