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Geostatistical investigations of displacements on the basis of data from the geodetic monitoring of a hydrotechnical object

Namysłowska-Wilczyńska B., Wynalek J.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2017

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Vol. 39, nr 4

59--75

EN

Geostatistical methods make the analysis of measurement data possible. This article presents the problems directed towards the use of geostatistics in spatial analysis of displacements based on geodetic monitoring. Using methods of applied (spatial) statistics, the research deals with interesting and current issues connected to space-time analysis, modeling displacements and deformations, as applied to any large-area objects on which geodetic monitoring is conducted (e.g., water dams, urban areas in the vicinity of deep excavations, areas at a macro-regional scale subject to anthropogenic influences caused by mining, etc.). These problems are very crucial, especially for safety assessment of important hydrotechnical constructions, as well as for modeling and estimating mining damage. Based on the geodetic monitoring data, a substantial basic empirical material was created, comprising many years of research results concerning displacements of controlled points situated on the crown and foreland of an exemplary earth dam, and used to assess the behaviour and safety of the object during its whole operating period. A research method at a macro-regional scale was applied to investigate some phenomena connected with the operation of the analysed big hydrotechnical construction. Applying a semivariogram function enabled the spatial variability analysis of displacements. Isotropic empirical semivariograms were calculated and then, theoretical parameters of analytical functions were determined, which approximated the courses of the mentioned empirical variability measure. Using ordinary (block) kriging at the grid nodes of an elementary spatial grid covering the analysed object, the values of the Z* estimated means of displacements were calculated together with the accompanying assessment of uncertainty estimation – a standard deviation of estimation σk. Raster maps of the distribution of estimated averages Z* and raster maps of deviations of estimation σk (in perspective) were obtained for selected years (1995 and 2007), taking the ground height 136 m a.s.l. into calculation. To calculate raster maps of Z* interpolated values, methods of quick interpolation were also used, such as the technique of the inverse distance squares, a linear model of kriging, a spline kriging, which made the recognition of the general background of displacements possible, without the accuracy assessment of Z* value estimation, i.e., the value of σk. These maps are also related to 1995 and 2007 and the elevation. As a result of applying these techniques, clear boundaries of subsiding areas, upthrusting and also horizontal displacements on the examined hydrotechnical object were marked out, which can be interpreted as areas of local deformations of the object, important for the safety of the construction. The effect of geostatistical research conducted, including the structural analysis, semivariograms modeling, estimating the displacements of the hydrotechnical object, are rich cartographic characteristic (semivariograms, raster maps, block diagrams), which present the spatial visualization of the conducted various analyses of the monitored displacements. The prepared geostatistical model (3D) of displacement variability (analysed within the area of the dam, during its operating period and including its height) will be useful not only in the correct assessment of displacements and deformations, but it will also make it possible to forecast these phenomena, which is crucial when the operating safety of such constructions is taken into account.

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The analysis of vertical displacements for a hydrotechnical facility using geostatistics. Part I. Structural analysis and estimation of displacements

Namysłowska-Wilczyńska B., Wynalek J.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2011

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Vol. 33, nr 1

33-54

EN

The effect of geostatistical studies, including structural analysis, modelling, estimation and forecast, is the cartographic characteristic of the displacements of the hydro-technical object - the Opatowice weir. In the nodes of the spatial grid, covering the object analyzed, the average estimated values Z* of displacements were calculated together with the assessment of the uncertainty of estimation - the standard deviation of estimation ?k. If necessary, the parameters Z* and ?k can be determined directly in the kriging calculation, at every point of the object. The obtained variograms, raster maps and block diagrams represent the spatial visualization of the results of the various displacements, derived from the geodesic monitoring of the dam. Applying an ordinary block kriging it is possible to separate the clear boundaries of the zones of the subsidences and to determine the elevations of the hydro-technical object, marking on the raster maps the distributions of the average Z* values, which can be interpreted as the areas of local deformation that are important when the safety of buildings is considered. The maps of quick interpolation allow identification of a general background of displacements, without the accuracy estimation of the interpolated values Z*. Probability maps enable us to predict the significant risk areas associated with a possible change in the geometry of an object, i.e., its local deformation. Due to an area-time prognosis we can determine the forecasted values Z* of displacements for the following year, with reference to the history of this process, i.e. the estimations from prior years. Taking account of a wide range of different applications of geostatistical techniques, we can conclude that they are also effective tools in the analysis of spatial displacement, in this case, for a relatively small hydro-technical object (weir). The research undertaken may be useful for a complete monitoring of relevant environmental factors, differing only "seemingly identical" objects, and not only for the results of successive control measurements of displacements. These concerns a proper treatment of all spatial and time factors associated with the interpretation of the displacements, which allows the deterministic safety operation of a hydro-technical object to be identified.

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The analysis of vertical displacements for a hydrotechnical facility using geostatistics. Part II. Determining the probability of displacement occurrence and its prediction

Namysłowska-Wilczyńska B., Wynalek J.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2011

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Vol. 33, nr 2

67-75

EN

The results of the geostatistical spatial analyses of measuring data that reflect the monitoring of vertical displacements of a small hydrotechnical facility are presented. Of some weirs on the Oder River the Opatowice facility was chosen due to the scale of the displacements measured. The databases of current displacements pa and total displacements pc obtained in the X-Y (2D) and X-Y-Z (3D) coordinate systems formed the basis for the geostatistical investigation. The application of variogram function enabled establishing the theoretical parameters of analytical functions that approximate the isotropic and directional empirical variograms of present and total displacements and, as a result, determining the variation of specified parameters for the geostatistical model. Consequently, using the ordinary block kriging method and the methods of quick interpolation, i.e., the inverse distance squared method and the linear kriging model, the raster maps of the mean estimated distributions Z*, estimated standard deviation ?k and also interpolated values of Z* were calculated for the facility analyzed. In further analyses, indicator variograms and raster maps of the probability distributions for displacement occurrence were constructed. This allows determining the subregions with various susceptibilities to exceeding particular probability thresholds of deformation occurrence. A spatial-time prognosis was also made enabling us to calculate of the predicted Z* values for the displacements in successive periods (block diagrams) of hydrotechnical facility operation.

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Wpływ wielkiej powodzi lipcowej 1997 roku na przemieszczenia budowli hydrotechnicznych

Cisek A., Kożuchowski A., Wynalek J.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Górnictwa Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2000

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Vol. 90, nr 27

105-112

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono zakres i wyniki badań przemieszczeń wybranych budowli hydrotechnicznych na rzece Odrze w okresie powodzi 1997 r. Podjęto próbę wyników w aspekcie bezpiecznej eksploatacji obiektów.

EN

The methods used in the geodetic surveying of the displacement of hydrotechnical structures caused by the Great Flood of July 1997 are analyzed.

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Elementy wiedzy o terenie w nauczanie geodezji i gospodarki nieruchomościami na kierunkach budowlanych

Jaśkiewicz M., Kowalczyk M., Wynalek J., Zaremba S.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Górnictwa Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2000

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Vol. 90, nr 27

163-171

PL

W profilu wykształcenia architekta, urbanisty lub inżyniera budowlanego oprócz wiedzy branżowej znaczące miejsce powinna mieć wiedza menedżerska. W jej skład wchodzą m.in. zagadnienia dotyczące pozyskiwania gruntów pod inwestycje budowlane (szczególnie publiczne), opracowania map do celów projektowych i geodezyjnej obsługi inwestycji. W programach nauczania brakuje omówienia procedur pozyskiwania gruntów pod drogi, autostrady, zbiorniki retencyjne, oczyszczalnie ścieków itp. Procedury te wiążą się z wywłaszczeniem i wycena nieruchomości oraz regulację stanów prawnych. W dobie gospodarki rynkowej sygnalizowana problematyka "wiedzy o terenie" powinna być włączona do programów nauczania na kierunkach budowlanych, architekturze i planowaniu przestrzennym.

EN

Report states that to people who major in architecture, town planning or building industry engineering aside from that line of knowledge the managerial knowledge should also have significant role. It should consist among other things of: issues of land acquiring for building investments (especially public), working out the maps for project tasks, negotiating the way of developing the land surveying services. In teaching programs there is lack of land acquiring procedures for roads, highways, reservoirs, sewage treatment plants etc. these procedures combine with property expropriation and valuation and also with law regulations. In the days of market orientated economy indicated issues of -terrain knowledge- should be included in teaching programs on building engineering architecture and spatial planning lines of studies.

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Wpływ temperatury na przemieszczenia pionowe jazu

Cisek. A., Traczewski W., Wynalek J., Zaremba S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska

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1998

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z. 29 [166], T.1

77-82

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu dobowej zmiany temperatury na przemieszczenia pionowe jazu. Na przykładzie jednego z jazów wykazano zależność między przyrostem temperatury a wielkością przemieszczenia. Zmiana temperatury korony jazu o 7,5 °C spowodowała zmianę przemieszczenia od -+0,1 do +0,4 mm. Istnieje zatem konieczność wyboru terminu obserwacji powtarzanych nie tylko w odpowiedniej porze roku, ale również dnia.

EN

One presented the results of the study on how daily temperature changes affect the vertical movement of weir. Based on the exemple of one weir, the interdependence between temperature increase and the degree of the weir movement was shown. The temperature change of 7,5 °C caused the weir to move from +0,1 to +0,4 mm. Therefere, it is necessary to choose both the appropriate season and time of day for observations of the weir.