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EN
In view of the challenges faced by geophysical research in the future decades and the observed decline in interest in this field of study in Poland, itis necessary to mobilize the geophysical environment. One of the main causes of the crisis in the popularity of this field of study are changes in the economic paradigm, in which an important determinant and goal of activities is the declared departure from fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. Obviously, this has a direct impact on the prospects of geophysical research, whose main contractor on a global scale is the oil industry. With the depletion of the best available deposits, there is a need to reach for deposits that were increasingly difficult to discover and exploit, which contributed to the progress in geophysical research methods that followed the development of technology and information methods - the basis of modern geophysical analyses. The announced definitive departure from fossil fuels coincided in Poland with the end of the shale-gas boom and the announcement of the program of resigning from coal mining. These announcements aroused the belief that the demand for geophysical research will also expire in the coming years together with the prospects for financing such research. However, this belief is wrong. A significant stream of funds will be directed at the development of geophysical research on a global scale, and the current sponsors of utilitarian geophysical research will occupy new niches on the market, e.g. in the accumulation of energy, storage of greenhouse gases and the search for raw materials, the lack of which is increasingly felt by the most developed economies. Along with the growing awareness of the deepening climate crisis and the destruction of the natural environment engulfing the planet, the need increases to recalculate the environmental costs of economic activity, in which broadly understood geophysical sciences can undoubtedly help. Geophysical analysis of huge datasets requires modern computational methods such as numerical modelling, machine learning and artificial intelligence. The development of these fields will therefore be necessary, but also a difficult challenge for the scientific community in Poland. In this work, we will indicate mainly the prospective areas of the economy and the science, related to the broadly understood energy transformation that requires a significant share of geophysical research. The review of the issues and methodology of current geophysical problems and proposed solutions has been arranged in accordance with the directions of research in the field of earth sciences, subjectively highlighting the tasks that seem to be the most promising and/or scientifically attractive. The text deals with the issues related to climatology, hydrology and hydrogeology, environment, geological hazards, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, waste storage, energy storage, critical raw materials, and the structure and physical condition of the Earth's crust.
2
PL
W pracy analizowano zawartość ozonu w całej kolumnie atmosfery i wybranych warstwach (troposfera/dolna stratosfera, środkowa stratosfera i wysoka stratosfera) zmierzone spektrofotometrem Dobsona w Centralnym Obserwatorium Geofizycznym Instytutu Geofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Belsku (20,78°E, 51,84°N) w latach 1963-2018. Stwierdzono zatrzymanie spadkowej tendencji w połowie lat 90. ubiegłego wieku, a następnie niewielki wzrost zawartości ozonu. W ostatnich kilkunastu latach w analizowanych warstwach obserwuje się nieoczekiwane beztrendowe oscylacje ozonu w miejsce spodziewanego stopniowego wzrostu w związku ze zmniejszającą się koncentracją w stratosferze substancji niszczących warstwę ozonową w wyniku funkcjonowania Protokołu Montrealskiego z 1987 r. o ochronie warstwy ozonowej. Wyznaczono długookresowe zmiany w kolumnowej zawartości ozonu nad wybranymi obszarami na półkuli północnej, stosując homogenizowane satelitarne dane ozonowe z bazy danych Multi-Sensor Reanalysis version 2. Przedmiotem analizy były sezonowe i całoroczne średnie w okresie 1979-2018 wyznaczone dla następujących obszarów: otoczenie Belska, Polska, Europa Środkowa, Europa, pas średnich (30-60°N) i wysokich (60-90°N) szerokości geograficznych, oraz tropiki (0°-30°N). Antropogeniczny trend obliczono, stosując model regresji wieloskładnikowej, odfiltrowując z serii czasowych oscylacje związane z naturalnymi procesami dynamicznymi w atmosferze. Do połowy lat 90. ubiegłego wieku dominowały ubytki w warstwie ozonowej w tempie kilku procent na 10 lat (największe wiosną w Polsce i Europie Środkowej ~5% na 10 lat, najmniejsze w tropikach ~0,5% na 10 lat). Naprawę warstwy ozonowej po 1996 roku, w tempie ~4-5% na 10 lat, najwyraźniej widać zimą w Polsce i w Europie Środkowej. Odpowiadające wzrostowe trendy w całej Europie i w średnich szerokościach geograficznych były mniejsze o 1-2 punkty procentowe. W pozostałych sezonach i w danych całorocznych trend był znacznie mniejszy (~1-2% na 10 lat) lub nieistotny statystycznie.
EN
Ground-based measurements of ozone by the Dobson spectrophotometer in the Central Geophysical Observatory of the Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences at Belsk (20.78°E, 51.84°N) are analysed for the period 1963-2018. Long term variability of the total column ozone and the ozone content in the selected layers (troposphere/lower stratosphere, mid- and upper stratosphere) are discussed focusing on the ozone recovery in recent years. The trend overturning is found around 1996. However, an unexpected trendless pattern of the long-term ozone variability has been found since the beginning of the 2000s instead of the envisaged continuous upward tendency due to the decreasing concentration of the ozone-depleting substances in the stratosphere as a result of the 1987 Montreal Protocol on the protection of the ozone layer. The long-term variability of the total column ozone over selected areas in the Northern Hemisphere are assessed using homogenized satellite data from the Multi-Sensor Reanalysis version 2 database. The seasonal and the yearly means for the period 1978-2018 are considered for the following regions: Belsk, Poland, central Europe, Europe, middle latitudes (30°N-60°N), high latitudes (60°N-90°N), and the tropics (0°-30°N). The anthropogenic trend is determined by multiple regression model after filtering out oscillations related to the known dynamic processes in the atmosphere. In all regions, a decline of the total column ozone is found in the 1980s and up to mid-1990s. The largest decline appears in spring in Poland and central Europe (~5% per 10 yr.), and the smallest over the tropics (-0.5% per 10 yr.). After 1996, the recovery is clearly seen (4-5% per 10 yr.) during winter in Poland and in central Europe. These estimates are about 1-2 percentage point higher than the corresponding increasing trends in Europe and in the middle latitudes. In the remaining seasonal and year-round time series, the trends are much smaller (1-2% per 10 yr.) or statistically insignificant.
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