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Artificial neural network and energy budget method to predict daily evaporation of Boudaroua reservoir (northern Morocco)

En-nkhili Hicham, Nizar Imane, Igouzal Mohammed, Touazit Azzeddin, Youness Nizar, Etebaai Issam

Journal of Water and Land Development

2023

no. 57

107--115

Evaporation is one of the main essential components of the hydrologic cycle. The study of this parameter has significant consequences for knowing reservoir level forecasts and water resource management. This study aimed to test the three artificial neural networks (feed-forward, Elman and nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) models) and multiple linear regression to predict the rate of evaporation in the Boudaroua reservoir using the calculated values obtained from the energy budget method. The various combinations of meteorological data, including solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, are used for the training and testing of the model’s studies. The architecture that was finally chosen for three types of neural networks has the 4-10-1 structure, with contents of 4 neurons in the input layer, 10 neurons in the hidden layer and 1 neuron in the output layer. The calculated evaporation rate presents a typical annual cycle, with low values in winter and high values in summer. Moreover, air temperature and solar radiation were identified as meteorological variables that mostly influenced the rate of evaporation in this reservoir, with an annual average equal to 4.67 mm∙d-1. The performance evaluation criteria, including the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) approved that all the networks studied were valid for the simulation of evaporation rate and gave better results than the multiple linear regression (MLR) models in the study area.

Water Quality Modelling of the Sebou River Estuary (Morocco) before and after the Installation of the Kenitra City's Wastewater Treatment Plant

Nizar Youness, Touazit Azzeddin, Igouzal Mohamed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2022

Vol. 23, iss. 6

264--274

Urban wastewaters from Kenitra had been discharged without prior treatment through six collectors into the Sebou estuary (60 km) causing in the process health and environmental problems up until WWTP was installed in 2020. The waste water treatment plant (WWTP) had to gather all urban wastewaters in order to go through treatment. Thus, the WWTP, situated 17 km from the mouth of the estuary, has become the only discharge point for treated domestic wastewater into the Sebou estuary. This study aims to model the Sebou estuary water quality and assessment of the impact of WWTP. Our study started with hydraulic modelling of the river using a 1D model (HECRAS 5.0.6), since water quality is strongly depending on hydraulic regime. HEC RAS has been calibrated and validated using hydraulic and morphological database of the years 2019 and 2021. The spatiotemporal evolution of hydraulic variables (water velocity, water level, etc.) was calculated by the hydraulic model and used in the water quality module to simulate the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Two scenarios were put under examination, one is a simulation of discharges of untreated wastewaters by six collectors (mean BOD5 of 300 mg/L) and the second is a simulation of discharge after treatment at the WWTP (mean BOD5 of 24 mg/L). The simulation showed an Impact of the tidal cycle and fresh water flows (coming from the upstream) on the urban wastewater discharges fate. Calculations of the BOD5 provided by the model are in good agreement with field measurements. The first simulation results show that water quality of the Sebou River does not meet WHO standards (average quality about 7 mg/l of BOD5). The second simulation shows that the treatment plant reduces the concentration of BOD5 in the river to about 3 mg/l compared to the case before their installation, the quality of the water in the estuary is changing to become good after having been just average. In addition, the BOD5 concentration downstream of the WWTP changes according to the tidal cycle. Finally, the results show the very positive impact of Kenitra’s WWTP on the water quality of the Sebou River estuary.