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1

Peculiarities of Physiological Development and Formation of the Harvest of the Narrow-Leaved Lupine under Various Weather Conditions

Holodna Аntonina, Lyubchich Oleksandr, Krasiuk Liudmyla, Shliakhturov Denys, Kaminska Valentina, Bulgakov Volodymyr, Ivanovs Semjons, Kiernicki Zbigniew

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

209--216

EN

Success in growing an agricultural crop is considered to be the maximum realisation of the potential of a variety, as well as a stable level of its yield over the years. In the article, the results of studies, conducted with the narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) on the grey forest soil under the Forest-Steppe conditions were analysed. The peculiarities of the influence of hydrothermal conditions upon the duration of the period from sowing to the emergence of seedlings, interphase periods and the growing season, on the whole, were shown. An analysis of the influence of weather conditions over the years of the research and agrotechnical measures upon the generative development of the plants, the formation of the crop grain yield, as well as its quality upon the variant, recommended for production, in comparison with the control variant, was presented. The weather conditions that developed during the period from sowing to full ripeness of the narrow-leaved lupine plants differed significantly over the years of research, influenced the duration of the period from sowing to germination (from 7 to 15 days), the growing season of the crop, on the whole, (from 79 to 101 days), growth and development of plants, and – as a result– on the level of the yield. The seed yield in the experiment was unstable over the years even in the recommended production variant – from 3.28 to 2.10 t∙ha–1, that is, with a difference in the most favourable and unfavourable years of 1.18 t∙ha–1. The most favourable conditions for the formation of the crop were in 2016 on the variant, recommended for the production, and it provided for the application of N68P48K66, sowing lupine of the “Pobeditel” variety with an inter-row spacing of 45 cm, a seeding rate of 1.2 million germinating seeds t∙ha–1, treated with a bioinoculant with a bioprotectant, and also foliar top dressing with microfertiliser at the IV stage of plant organogenesis. The year 2020 turned out to be the most unfavourable, as evidenced by the minimum yield level of 2.10 t∙ha–1 and the index of the conditions of the year –0.51.

2

Study of Microbiological Processes in the Soil of a Two-Year Fallow

Malynovska Iryna, Tkachenko Mycola, Bulgakov Volodymyr, Ptashnik Mykhailo, Ivanovs Semjons

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

309--316

EN

A high degree of ploughing the soils is a destabilization factor of agrolandscapes and intensification of the erosion processes. Therefore, there arises a need to study the direction of the soil processes during the transfer of the arable land into a state of fallow. The state of microbiocenosis of a two-year-old abandoned land (fallow) was investigated using the gray forest soil in the variants of spontaneous overgrowth, sowing of grass mixtures and sowing of grass mixtures with simultaneous optimization of mineral nutrition of the phytocenosis as an example. It has been established that the least stable microbiocenosis is formed during the cultivation of the grass mixtures, which is characterized by the minimum total number of microorganisms (647.1 million CFU•g–1 of absolutely dry soil) and the minimum number of significant relations between the constituents (components) of the microbial community (98). The total number of microorganisms in the microbiocenosis of the spontaneous overgrowth variant and the legume-grass mixture exceeds that of the cereal grass mixture variant by 6.29 and 34.8%, respectively. A similar indicator for the total number of significant relations was 4.08%. Application of mineral fertilizers intensifies the process of mineralization of nitrogen compounds and slows down the consumption of the soil organic matter in the variants of sudden recovery of phytocenosis and cultivation of the legume-cereal grass mixture. The soil of the variant of the grass mixture is characterized by minimum total biological activity; it is 1.33 and 33.2% lesser than the total biological activity of the variants of spontaneous overgrowth and cultivation of the legume-grass mixture.

3

Research on the Agrophysical State of Podzolized Black Soil under Different Transitions to "No-Till" Treatment in Agrocenosis

Bulgakov Volodymyr, Gadzalo Iaroslav, Demydenko Olexander, Zadubinnaya Elizaveta, Velichko Volodymyr, Beloev Hristo, Ivanovs Semjons, Kiernicki Zbigniew

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

290--304

EN

The performance of the No-till treatment after systematic surface tillage with crop rotation allowed the formation of stocks of productive moisture at the average level of 155 mm, which corresponded to the stocks of moisture after ploughing and were significantly higher (by 10–15 mm) than those under systematic surface tillage and No-till treatment after the ploughing. During the April-June and June-July periods, ploughing consumed 67% and 33% of the spring moisture supply, respectively; after surface tillage it was 62% and 38%, while after No-till following surface tillage it was 55% and 45%. This indicates a more optimal use of productive moisture stocks compared to ploughing, where moisture was used 1.2 times more intensively during the vegetative growth phase of grain and leguminous crops in the crop rotation. The highest consumption of productive water stocks during the April-July period was during ploughing at 62–69 mm and during surface tillage and No-till after surface tillage at 47–48 mm, which is 1.4 times less. The content of water-resistant aggregates 5–1 mm in 0–30 cm layer of soil under tillage was 3.31%, whereas under surface tillage and No-till treatment in different combinations – 1.87–2.21 times more. Increasing the content of water-resistant aggregates of the most valuable size, with increasing of humus content in 0–20 cm layer of soil by 0.07% under surface tillage and No-till treatment on its background led to improvement of crop moisture regime in agrocenosis by 10–15%.

4

Impact of Global and Regional Climate Changes upon the Crop Yields

Kaminskiy Viktor, Asanishvili Nadia, Bulgakov Volodymyr, Kaminska Valentyna, Dukulis Ilmars, Ivanovs Semjons

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

71--77

EN

The negative impact of global and regional climate changes upon the crop yields leads to the violation of the crop production stability. The development of reliable methods for assessment of the climatic factors by the reaction of the crops to them in order to minimize the impact of climatic stresses upon the sustainability of food systems is an urgent scientific task. This problem was studied on the example of growing corn. A mathematical analysis of the main meteorological indicators for 16 years of research has been performed on the basis of which the frequency and direction of the occurrence of atypical and extreme weather conditions in various periods of the corn vegetation season were established by the coefficient of significance of deviations of the weather elements from the average long-term norm. It has been proved that the probability of occurrence of such weather conditions in the period from April to September is 38–81% in terms of the average temperature of the month, and 31–69% in terms of precipitation. By using the information base of the corn yields in a stationary field experiment with the gradations of factors: A (the fertilizer option) – A1-A12, B (the crop care method) – B1-B3, C (the hybrid) – C1-C7, the most critical month of the corn ontogeny was established when the weather has a decisive influence upon the formation of the crop. With the help of the correlation-regression analysis it was proved that the corn yield most significantly depends on the average monthly temperature in June, and for the hybrids with FАО 200–299 – on the amount of precipitation in the month of May. The obtained mathematical models make it possible to predict the yield of corn at a high level of reliability depending on the indicators of the main climate-forming factors in June, that is, even before the flowering of the plants (before the stage of ВВСН 61).

5

Research into Comparative Performance of Different Tillage and Fertilization Systems Applied to Grey Forest Soil of Forest Steppe in Grain Crop Rotation

Kaminskyi Viktor, Bulgakov Volodymyr, Tkachenko Mykola, Kolomiіets Mykola, Kaminska Valentina, Ptashnik Mykhailo, Ivanovs Semjons, Kiernicki Zbigniew

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

163--178

EN

The paper summarises the results of the comprehensive scientific research carried out in the form of a two-factor stationary experiment (5 primary tillage systems × 3 fertilization systems) with rotation (2016–2020) of cereal crops (winter wheat – grain maize – spring barley – soybean) in grey forest fine sand and light loam soil. The effectiveness of the tested agricultural production method has been proven by the amplitudes of the actual cropping capacities: winter wheat – 2.80–5.00 t∙ha–1; grain maize – 4.16–8.89 t∙ha–1; spring barley – 1.78–4.45 t∙ha–1; soybean – 1.02–3.17 t∙ha–1. The rehabilitation of the physical, agrochemical and biological status of the edatope and the consolidation of the physiological processes in the grain cenoses achieved by the systemic approach to the soil tillage and fertilisation have provided for an increase in the natural biological potential of the plough land by a factor of 1.3–1.8 (from 2.96 to 5.21 t∙ha–1 of grain units, units for the equivalent measuring of different plant cultivation products). Factographic justification has been provided for the environmental, technological and technical-and-economic feasibility of implementing agronomic technologies based on the adaptive combination of mouldboard and non-mouldboard tillage (to a depth of 6–45 cm) and organic and mineral fertilization system (6.5–7.0 t∙ha–1 of plant cultivation by-products + N70P58K68). In this case, the effective fertility of an area unit in crop rotation reaches 5.72 t∙ha–1 in grain units, the production cost of raised grain – 117 €∙t–1, the earning capacity – 788 € (ha∙year) –1, the level of plant cultivation profitability – 139%. In the comparable alternatives of the system-based soil tillage (every-year ploughing, subsurface blade tillage and especially tillage with disk implements), the indices estimated above are significantly lower.

6

Dynamics of The Humus Content Under Different Chernozem Treatment Conditions

Bulgakov Volodymyr, Gadzalo Iaroslav, Adamchuk Valerii, Demydenko Olexander, Velichko Volodymyr, Nowak Janusz, Ivanovs Semjons

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

118--128

EN

The humus content in the soil is the most important factor affecting the yield of agricultural crops. The research of the impact of the soil cultivation methods upon the humus content is an urgent scientific and practical task of modern agriculture. This paper analyzed long-term (45 years) field experiments on the impact of ploughing, deep and shallow non-moldboard tillage upon the humus content in the chernozem soil of central Ukraine. The research materials reflect a broad picture of influence of the processing methods upon the accumulation of total humus. For example, with respect to ploughing with deep non-mouldboard cultivation, accumulation of the total humus in the 40th year of research, was +0.0028%; with shallow non-mouldboard cultivation it was +0.0005%.

7

Analysis of the State and Assessment of Possible Ways of Preservation of Soil Fertility During its Mechanical Treatment

Bulgakov Volodymyr, Gadzalo Iaroslav, Ivanovs Semjons, Adamchuk Valerii, Kaminskyi Viktor, Nadykto Volodymyr, Nowak Janusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

128--136

EN

The issues of soil fertility preservation are relevant in all countries of the world. Concrete actions, technological and organisational solutions allowing to overcome this complex and continuous phenomenon by using exclusively agroengineering approaches are proposed. The preservation of the structure of agricultural soils requires urgent adoption of technological and organisational decisions in the following areas: maximum limitation of immobilisation of nitrogen in the soil after introduction of organic residues into the soil; development of technological methods and tools for the soil cultivation, aimed at loosening the surface layer of the soil with a minimum area of its contact with the airborne environment; improvement of the fundamentals of aggregation of agricultural machines, taking into account the maximum permissible slipping of wheeled energy facilities at the level of 15%, and a conceptual approach to their ballasting with respect to the requirements of the tire ecophilicity; application of a soil structure indicator when determining the ploughing frequency by means of ploughs with skimmers or their twotier analogs; wide practical application of the controlled traffic farming system; adoption of a legislative document on specific conformity of the land users for the level of soil fertility for agricultural purposes.