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Water mass stability and mixing in the Banda Sea derived from Global Data Repository and the Jalacitra II Expedition

Purba Noir P., Aryanto Noor C.D., Febriawan Hendra K., Nugroho Adam B., Akhir Mohd Fadzil, Harahap Syawaludin A., Faid Ghelby M., Ilmi Muhammad H, Hascaryo Anom P., Sobaruddin Dyan P, Dharma Candrasa S., Muljana Budi, Endyana Cipta

Oceanologia

2025

No. 67 (2)

Art. no. 67201, 18 pp.

The dynamics of the Banda Sea can influence larger-scale oceanic processes and contribute to the global ocean circulation system. This research aims to utilize data from a global in situ data repository spanning the years 1960 to 2018, along with data collected from 12 stations during the recent Jalacitra II-2022 expedition. The focus is on analyzing salinity and potential temperature data to construct water mass features, including seasonal temperature-salinity-time diagrams and water column stability using Brunt Vaisala Frequency. Thorpe analysis is employed to investigate turbulent mixing within the region. The results found that temperatures are notably lower in Northwest Monsoon (NWM), reaching 30.0°C, while Southeast Monsoon (SEM) temperatures hover around 28.0°C. Salinity profiles reveal that SEM generally exhibits lower salinity levels, ranging from 33.5 to 34.4, compared to NWM, which ranges from 34.0 to 34.5. Vertical profiles of temperature and salinity variations in the SEM display a more varied thermocline layer depth than NWM. Data from the JC II expedition in the Banda Sea revealed a slight temperature decrease from 27.5°C to 26°C in August, accompanied by salinity variations. Surface salinity was measured at 33.3, while a uniform salinity of 34.6 was observed from 100 meters downward during the same period. This study identifies five dominant water mass types in the Banda Sea, primarily from the Pacific Ocean, which are North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and North Pacific Subtropical Water (NPSW). During the NWM season, water column instability occurs at depths up to 200 meters, while deeper water column instability is observed during the SEM, extending to a depth of 300 meters, with stability values lower than four cycles/hour. Furthermore, high turbulence generally occurs in the thermocline layer (50 to 300 m).

Marine Debris Pathway Across Indonesian Boundary Seas

Purba Noir P., Faizal Ibnu, Cordova Muhammad R., Abimanyu Amarif, Afandi Najma K. A., Indriawan Dena, Khan Alexander M. A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2021

Vol. 22, nr 3

82--98

The complex circulation for both atmospheric and ocean affects the pathways of floating marine debris (MD). The aim of this research was to define the MD trajectories in the Indonesian boundary seas. The Lagrangian particle method was applied with oceanographic factors and debris classes based on 1 to 3% windage class. The simulation was applied during the Northwest and Southeast Monsoon period. On the basis of the obtained findings, the debris trajectory patterns were indicated to vary in the two monsoons. In the northern part of Indonesia, all neighbouring countries were affected, especially those near the boundaries. In the southern part of Indonesia, most of the debris headed west towards the Indian Ocean. MD was mostly transported by the ocean currents and monsoonal wind and ended up in the coastal area. Some debris was also still floating in the open ocean after three months. This study concluded that marine litter not only polluted Indonesia water, but also the neighbouring countries.