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Evaluating Approaches to Wartime Mass Evacuation Management in Eastern NATO Territories: A Literature Review

Borowska-Stefańska Marta, Goniewicz Krzysztof, Grama Vasile, Hornak Marcel, Masierek Edyta, Morar Cezar, Penzes Janos, Rochovska Alena, Wiśniewski Szymon

Safety & Defense

2023

1--13

The eastern flank of NATO has been a region of strategic importance due to its proximity to Russia. Moreover, tensions have escalated in recent years following Russia’s annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Ukraine. As a result, questions have emerged regarding the preparedness of NATO’s eastern flank in the event of a military conflict. One critical aspect of preparedness is the ability of its inhabitants to move and relocate to safer areas during a crisis. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on the mass evacuation of civilians, focusing on the spatial mobility of residents of NATO’s eastern flank in the event of a military conflict on their territory. It delves into the availability of transportation infrastructure and the supply of resources for relocation, factors crucial for spatial mobility during military conflict. Additionally, the article explores the potential impact of critical infrastructure destruction and the complex behavioral issues affecting evacuation. The study’s findings reveal that both logistical and human factors must be considered in evacuation planning, contributing to the state of the art in this field. The implications of this work reach beyond immediate preparedness strategies, suggesting the need for a holistic approach that combines infrastructure development, resource allocation, human behavior understanding, and international coordination. By highlighting these nuances, the article offers valuable insights that may inform policymakers and practitioners in developing more effective, resilient strategies for managing mass evacuations during times of crisis, reflecting broader concerns about regional security and humanitarian response.

Natural Sources in Preventive Conservation of Naturally Aged Textiles

Wendt Jan A., Indrie Liliana, Dejeu Paula, Albu Adina, Ilieș Dorina Camelia, Costea Monica, Caciora Tudor, Ilieș Gabriela, Hodor Nicolaie, Josan Ioana, Berdenov Zharas, Grama Vasile, Safarov Bahodir

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

2021

Vol. 29, no. 5 (149)

80--85

Natural antimicrobials can eliminate fungi and prevent the aging of cotton fabrics. While fungi can cause severe infections to the fabric user etc, natural antimicrobials have the advantage of not being toxic to humans. The present study showed that the essential oils of lemon (Citrus limon), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and mint (Mentha piperita) have inhibitory effects on yeast and mould spores on a piece of textile from Romanian cultural heritage, "ie", stored in a space within an ethnographic museum., inhibitory action against Botrytis sp., the inhibitory effect of lemon essential oil on Cladosporium sp. and that of peppermint essential oil on yeast species Rhododtorula mucilaginosa were demonstrated, respectively. Being environmentally friendly, these sources, can be tested on a large scale.

Naturalne środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe mogą eliminować grzyby i zapobiegać starzeniu się tkanin bawełnianych. Chociaż grzyby mogą powodować poważne infekcje u użytkowników wyrobów, naturalne środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe mają tę zaletę, że nie są toksyczne dla ludzi. Przeprowadzone badanie wykazało, że olejki eteryczne z cytryny (Citrus limon), lawendy (Lavandula angustifolia) i mięty (Mentha piperita) działają hamująco na zarodniki drożdży i pleśni na tkaninie z rumuńskiego dziedzictwa kulturowego, przechowywanej w przestrzeni muzeum etnograficznego. Przyjazne dla środowiska źródła mogą być rekomendowane do stosowania na dużą skalę.