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1

Parasitological survey of smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (Actinopterygii: Osmeridae), from five estuary sites along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea

Pilecka-Rapacz M., Piasecki W., Głoćko M., Kesminas V., Domagała J., Wiśniewski G., Czerniawski R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 3

314--324

EN

This is the first comprehensive study covering the parasite fauna of smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, from five estuary sites of the southern Baltic Sea in a stretch of almost 500 km. We examined 432 smelt from: the Neman River mouth, the Vistula River mouth, Pomeranian Bay, the Oder River, and Lake Dąbie and recovered 13 species/higher-rank taxa of parasites: Diplostomum spp., Posthodiplostomum cuticola, Eubothrium crassum, Proteocephalus longicolis, Cystidicola farionis, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Corynosoma semerme, Pomphorhynchus laevis, Unionidae gen sp., Ergasilus sieboldi, Argulus foliaceus, Piscicola geometra, and Saprolegniaceae gen sp. Basic infection parameters such as prevalence, intensity of infection, mean intensity of infection, and the dominance index were determined. The findings of the presently reported study constitute a number of new faunistic records. There were two new host records (Posthodiplostomum cuticola and Saprolegniaceae gen sp.), five new host records for Poland (Diplostomum spp., Pomphorhynchus laevis, Piscicola geometra, Argulus foliaceus, and Unionidae gen sp.), and two new host records for Lithuania (Argulus foliaceus and Unionidae gen sp.). We carefully analyzed the relevant information from more than 100 publications on smelt parasites to compare the data with our own findings.

2

Analysis of zooplankton assemblages from man-made ditches in relation to current velocity

Czerniawski R., Sługocki Ł

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 2

199--211

EN

Because of the slow current velocity, man-made ditches may create distinct physical and ecological conditions that are suitable for the growth of zooplankton populations. However, the influence of drainage ditches on zooplankton communities has not been studied yet. This study aims to answer the following questions: i) Are man-made ditches a rich source of zooplankton? ii) What current velocity value leads to abundant zooplankton in man-made ditches? iii) Do zooplankton communities differ between man-made ditches and connected natural streams? In man-made drainage ditches with a water current lower than 0.1 m s-1, the abundance of zooplankton was greater than in the majority of streams. Sometimes this level of abundance was equivalent to the densities of zooplankton in lakes or dammed reservoirs. The presence of zooplankton in man-made ditches may be of great importance to the establishment of food webs, particularly during periods of high water levels or heavy rainfall, both of which may accelerate the water current, causing the dispersion of zooplankton along the ditches and into natural streams.

3

Canoeing and angling in Drawa river drainage as important issues in spatial planning: an ecosystem services approach

Czerniawski R., Sługocki Ł, Dziewulska K., Domagała J.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2017

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nr 1

246--256

EN

The analysis of ecosystem services in the Drawa River drainage with regard to canoeing and angling indicated that anglers found lake areas most attractive whereas canoeists preferred river sections. The use of the Drawa River only by the two branches (only the basic range) of economy and region development generates profi t of at least 1.5 million PLN within one year. The aforementioned analysis excludes indirect costs which may be equal to or exceed the value obtained directly from the sale of angling licenses and canoe rentals.

4

Zabieg krótkoterminowej biomanipulacji ekologicznej zastosowany w trzech śródleśnych płytkich jeziorach

Czerniawski R., Sługocki Ł, Domagała J., Pilecka-Rapacz M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 2

1207--1223

EN

A crucial factor affecting the rate of eutrophication is the characteristics of the catchment area of lakes. The most visible result of excessive eutrophication is rapidly deteriorating transparency of waters in the summer which is caused by rapid development of planktonic algae. Another symptom of this process is gradual overgrowth of water reservoirs and watercourses by macrophytes. Hence, in order to improve the quality of water in these lakes the renovation treatment is applied. Lakes restoration can be made in many ways: physical, chemical and biological. The chemical and physical methods of lakes restoration are invasive and controversial. However, one of the relatively not invasive methods of lakes restoration is ecological biomanipulation. The goal of biomanipulation is to reduce the concentration of harmful phytoplankton, by the stocking of predatory fish triggers a trophic cascade with decreases in the biomass of smaller-bodied fish, e.g. cyprinids, increases in the biomass of herbivorous zooplankton, and decreases in the biomass of harmful phytoplankton. In some cases plankton-eating fish have been removed directly by lake managers. In addition, the removal of bottom-feeding fish from shallow lakes leads to increases in rooted vegetation and increased water clarity as the rooted plants stabilize the sediments. This transition involves a trophic cascade, as herbivorous zooplankton increase in biomass and consume phytoplankton, but also involves the direct effects of rooted vegetation on sediment stability and nutrient cycling. The most frequent cause of fast eutrophication is the runoff of untreated sewage directly into the waters of lakes and rivers or the excessive runoff of biogenic compounds from agricultural catchment areas. Forest lakes because of far distance from agglomeration and agricultural areas are in lesser extent exposed on the human pressure. Generally, one unfavorable variable affected these lakes is angling pressure. Thus, due to the lack of pollution and the relative stabilization of the mid-forest lakes they are a good place to conduct the ecological biomanipulation. The aim of the present study was to determine the short-term biomanipulation effectiveness in three shallow forest lakes. Biomanipulation was performed by stocking in 2012 to these lakes a summer fry of pike (200 ind. ha-1) and zander (150 ind. ha-1). Before the biomanipulation (in 2011) a control study of physic-chemical parameters, ichthyofauna and zooplankton composition were made. After the biomanipulation (in 2014) the same control study were conducted. Before and after the biomanipulation period significant changes in values of physic-chemical variables were not observed. Similarly, a slight changes in ichthyofauna composition between these two period occurred. The roach and bream were the biomass dominants. Only the zooplankton composition obtained pronounced changes, but statistically not significant. The most visible differences in zooplankton abundance concerned cladocerans – group that the most affect the phytoplankton decreasing. After the biomanipulation abundance of cladocerans increased from 31% to 67%. According to the results, it can be concluded that the biomanipulation time in study lakes was too short to make significant changes. To get a better effect of biomanipulation a successive stocking with summer or autumn fry of pike and zander should be conducted, even in 1000 ind. ha-1. Finally, we can assume that in the forest, shallow, highly eutrophic lakes a biomanipulation with predatory fish may be sufficient for their effective restoration.

5

Pasożyty jelitowe młodocianych ryb łososiowatych zlewni dolnej Odry i środkowego Niemna

Pilecka-Rapacz M., Kazlauskiene N., Kesminas V, Czerniawski R.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 1

671--682

EN

Atlantic salmon died out in Poland during the 1980s. The current population was recreated with Latvian salmon and now forms part of the southern Baltic cohort. Polish sea trout and brown trout come from the home cohort, but have survived only with regular restocking. In Lithuania, all the salmonides are from the home cohort and have not been restocked. The aim of this study was to compare parasitic invasion in juvenile salmonides that come from Poland and Lithuania. The juvenile salmonides in this study came from the lower Oder River basin and from the middle of the Neman River. 153 fish were caught using electrofishing from 2004 to 2006. The salmonides in the Oder had been artificially restocked and those in the Neman were wild. 33 salmon, 58 sea trout and 24 brown trout came from small tributaries of the Oder; 22 salmon, 5 sea trout and 11 brown trout came from tributaries of the middle Neman River. The fish were either 0+, 1+, or 2+ years old. Their size was characteristic for their species at that age, which suggested that they were in good condition. Our examination found 6 species of parasites from 3 taxa: Cestoda – Cyathocephalus truncates; Nematoda – Cystidicoloides ephe¬meridarum and Raphidascaris acus; and Acanthocephala – Acantho¬cephalus lucii, A. anguillae and Metechinorhynchus truttae. We found all three taxa of parasites in all the salmonides that came from the tributaries of the Oder, but all three taxa were found only in salmon from the Neman tributaries. In sea trout and brown trout from tributaries of the Nemen River we found only Nematoda. The invasion frequency was much higher in salmonides that came from tributaries of the Oder River than in salmonides from tributaries of the Nemen River. In tributaries of the Oder River, 57.6% of the salmon, 62.1% of the sea trout, and 58.3% of the brown trout had parasites. In tributaries of the Nemen River, 27.3% of the salmon, 40% of the sea trout, and 36.4% of the brown trout had parasites. In salmonides from both rivers the most common parasites were C. ephemeridarum, M. truttae, and C. truncatus. The other species of parasites were found in very few cases. Older salmonides had greater numbers of parasites. Although the salmonides came from different rivers and had different origins, the species of parasites that they had were typical for their family. In conclusion, parasite invasion is similar in salmonides both from the lower Oder River basin and from the middle of the Neman River.

6

Do beaver dams on small streams influence the effects of trout (Salmo trutta trutta) stocking?

Domagała J., Czerniawski R., Pilecka-Rapacz M., Kesminas V.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 1

96--106

PL

Wpływ zapór bobrowych na stan ichtiofauny cieków jest rozważany od wielu lat. Jedni autorzy twierdzą że zapory bobrowe odgrywają pozytywną rolę w funkcjonowaniu ekosystemów wodnych, ponieważ zwiększają bioróżnorodność ichtiofauny, podczas gdy inni twierdzą, że wpływ tych zapór jest negatywny. Celem pracy było określenie bezpośredniego i pośredniego wpływu piętrzeń bobrowych na liczebność ryb łososiowatych i skuteczność zarybiania nimi małych cieków Sitna i Pokrętna. W latach przed powstaniem zapory bobrowej narybek troci odławiany był na całej długości odcinka. Natomiast później, pomimo, że narybek wsiedlany był również powyżej spiętrzenia spowodowanego zaporą bobrową, to ryby w niewielkiej liczbie odławiane były tylko na odcinku poniżej spiętrzenia. Na podstawie wyników pracy można przypuszczać, że zapory bobrowe przyczyniły się do pogorszenia warunków biologicznych i morfologicznych, właściwych dla przeżycia ryb łososiowatych, jak również negatywnie wpłynęły na efekty zarybień. To negatywne oddziaływanie w największym stopniu widoczne było w przypadku liczby odłowionych ryb. Głównymi powodami spadku liczby odławianych ryb łososiowatych mogły być wywołane powstaniem zapory bobrowej: I) zmiany warunków hydrologicznych; II) zmiany warunków fizyko-chemicznych, szczególnie podwyższenie temperatury wody; III) zwiększenie liczby ryb typowych dla zbiorników limnetycznych, w tym szczupaka i okonia, drapieżników zjadających narybek troci; IV) zamulenie dna cieku.

7

Reduction of zooplankton communities in small lake outlets in relation to abiotic and biotic factors

Czerniawski R., Domagała J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 2

123-131

EN

The aim of this study was to answer the following questions: (1) which environmental variables, biotic (fish predation) or abiotic factors, have a greater influence on the rate of zooplankton changes in lake outlet sections and (2) which plankters suffer the greatest reduction in the outlet section. Samples were collected in two locations at each of 18 lakes. The first site was right at the outflow; the second site was 0.2 km downstream from the outflow. At downstream sites the percentage contribution of Rotifera in zooplankton species number and abundance was higher than in the outflow, whilst the percentage contribution of Cladocera and Copepoda (except nauplii) in the zooplankton species number and abundance was lower at downstream sites than in outlets. The most important variables affecting the rate of zooplankton reduction in the lake outlets are the biomass of cyprinids and hydrological parameters along the outlet, such as discharge, current velocity, and depth. The most dramatic reductions involved daphnids, adult copepods, small cladocerans, and copepodites, while the reduction in the abundance of rotifers and nauplii was statistically insignificant.

8

Zooplankton of three suburban lakes in relation to select abiotic conditions

Sługocki Ł, Czerniawski R, Domagała J, Krepski T, Pilecka-Rapacz M

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2012

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Tom 14

146--160

PL

Badania prowadzono w trzech eutroficznych jeziorach położonych w północno-zachodniej Polsce: jeziorze Adamowo, Grażyna i Klasztorne. Z każdego stanowiska pobierano próbę zooplanktonu oraz próbę wody do określenia wybranych parametrów fizyko-chemicznych. W odniesieniu do uzyskanych wyników można uznać, że pomimo takiego samego statusu troficznego badane jeziora różniły się pod względem struktur jakościowych i ilościowych zooplanktonu, na co miały wpływ różne warunki środowiskowe badanych jezior. Podobieństwo jakościowe zooplanktonu pomiędzy jeziorami nie było zbyt wysokie. W najmniejszym jeziorze obserwowano największe liczebności zooplanktonu, szczególnie małych plankterów. Pozwala to wnioskować, że im mniejsza powierzchnia jeziora tym większa jest liczebność zasiedlającego je zooplanktonu. Biomasa zooplanktonu osiągała największe wartości w największym jeziorze Adamowo, co było spowodowane licznym występowaniem dojrzałych skorupiaków planktonowych. Biorąc pod uwagę zależność pomiędzy warunkami środowiskowymi jezior a zagęszczeniem zooplanktonu, stwierdzić można że największy wpływ na kształtowanie struktur zooplanktonu mają nieorganiczne związki biogenne.

9

Spatial pattern of potamozooplankton community of the slowly flowing fishless stream in relation to abiotic and biotic factors

Czerniawski R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 2

323-338

EN

While the knowledge about spatial structure of zooplankton communities in large rivers has been relatively well studied, little is known on the longitudinal spatial variation of zooplankton in small, slowly flowing fishless streams. In these streams, changes in zooplankton communities along entire length of the stream can be quite different than in those where young planktivorous stages of fish reduce the abundance of zooplankton. The aim of this study was to answer the following questions. What is the spatial pattern of the taxonomic groups of zooplankton in the slow-flowing stream? Do the small tributaries have an impact on the zooplankton community in the main stream? What biotic variables (content of chlorophyll a, vegetation coverage, macroinvertebrates abundance) and abiotic variables (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, N-NO3, N-NO2, N-NH3, TN, P-PO4, TP, width, depth, current velocity, discharge) most affect the zooplankton community in a small stream? This study was performed at six sites along a small (1 km long, mean width 1.7 m; mean depth 0.3 m; mean current velocity 5.9 cm s[^-1]; mean discharge 2.6 cm3 s[^-1], mean vegetation coverage 52%) fishless agricultural-meadow stream and at one site in its two tributaries. The stream was searched with the use of electric fish gear to make sure there were no fish. Zooplankton samples were collected each month throughout the years 2008 and 2009. The main factors which affected the zooplankton communities were hydrological conditions, especially current velocity. Water current in the stream impeded the movement of rotifers and juvenile copepods. Adult copepods were able to manage in the current, over the entire length of the stream. Cladocerans probably were only able to persist in the last section of the watercourse flow, where the velocity was the lowest (3.3 cm s[^-1) and where the content of chlorophyll a was the highest (56.2 [mu]g L[^-1]). The two tributaries had only a small effect on shaping of the zooplankton communities in the main stream. On the basis of Pearson correlations it can be concluded that macroinvertebrate had a low ability to reduce the density of zooplankton, all significant correlations between the abundance of potamozooplankton and that of macroinvertebrates were positive.

10

Potamozooplankton communities in three different outlets from mesotrophic lakes located in lake-river system

Czerniawski R., Domagała J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 1

46-56

EN

Qualitative and quantitative composition of potamozooplankton was studied in three outlets from mesotrophic lakes. The greatest taxonomic and quantitative similarity of zooplankton occurred between the outflows of the second and third lake, located in the lake-river system. The farther the lake was located in the lake-river system, the greater was the quantity of zooplankton in the outflow. Within a short distance between the outflow and the downstream section, there was a strong reduction of cladocerans’ communities, followed by copepods, while the communities of rotifers were reduced in relatively small quantities. The hydrological conditions and transparency had a strong impact on the rate of changes in the zooplankton community.

11

Wpływ małej zapory na zmiany składu ichtiofauny w cieku Sitna w ciągu 9 lat (otulina Drawieńskiego Parku Narodowego)

Czerniawski R., Domagała J., Pilecka-Rapacz M., Krepski T.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2010

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Tom 12

235-247

PL

Wielu autorów wskazuje na negatywny wpływ budowli hydrotechnicznych na strukturę nie tylko ichtiofauny, ale również innych organizmów wodnych [14÷16]. Dotyczy to szczególnie poprzecznych przegród wód płynących dzielących ciek na dwie różne pod względem hydrologicznym, biologicznym i ekologicznym części [2, 13]. W wyniku zabudowy rzeki dochodzi do zasadniczych dla organizmów wodnych zmian. Powstaje wówczas bariera ekologiczna z siedliskiem niesprzyjającym do wymagań większości organizmów typowych dla wód płynących [11]. Zdecydowana większość badań oddziaływania zapór wodnych na stan ichtiofauny dotyczy raczej dużych konstrukcji hydrotechnicznych. Pomija się przy tym, małą zabudowę hydrotechniczną przegradzającą małe rzeki i cieki [11], które dla większości ryb anadromicznych stanowią najważniejsze miejsce w ich całym cyklu życiowym - tarlisko. Mała zabudowa poprzeczna, podobnie jak zapory przegradzające duże rzeki w podobnym stopniu zmieniają warunki hydrologiczne i biologiczne cieku, powodując całkowity zanik miejsc do odbycia tarła przez cenne ryby reofilne oraz zdecydowanie zmieniając skład jakościowy i ilościowy ichtiofauny. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu niewielkiej zapory na zmiany struktury jakościowej i ilościowej ichtiofauny w niewielkim cieku Sitna.

EN

Many authors point out the negative impact of hydraulic engineering constructions, not only on the structure of fish fauna, but also other aquatic organisms. This applies particularly to transverse bulkheads dividing the flowing waters into two different parts in terms of hydrological, biological and environmental components. Most studies relate to large rivers, where with no doubt it was found that the dams change physicochemical conditions of water. Research in this study was conducted in Sitna stream located in the buffer zone of Drawieński National Park (DNP), a part of the central Drava basin. This fiveorder, right tributary of middle Drawa river, flows into Adamowo Lake. Drawa river flowing out from Adamowo Lake is the northern border of the DNP (Fig. 1). In 2005, on kilometers section of stream water swelling dam was built by the State Forests plantation forest. During the year the water swells to a height of about 50 to 100 cm. The study of fish fauna of Sitna were conducted in August 2000, 2006 and 2009. In order to determine the species composition of fish fauna and the length of individual fish, the fish were obtained using the battery unit IUP 12. Catches were conducted throughout the length of watercourse. The results of the research show that a small dam influences very negatively on changes in the composition of fish fauna in small stream. Results also show that a small dam on a small watercourse, significantly affects the fish fauna. After the building of river dam the number of cyprinids significantly increased. While the number of typical river species, particularly brown trout and gudgeon essentially decreased. Besides, in the watercourse the rapid increase of pike was observed. This species found in the watercourse good spawning conditions. In last year of the study, 2009 in stream section over the dam the river species were absent. Currently, the section suitable for salmonids is the section below the dam. It seems that also in this section, the hydrological conditions will be worse and river fish will be absent in the whole watercourse. It is expected that a progressive changes will lead in consequence to the total extinction of valuable species of fish and to irreversible changes both biological and abiotic.

12

Pasożyty pstrąga potokowego (Salmo trutta m. farlo L.) wsiedlonego do Chojnówki - cieku w Puszczy Bukowej k. Szczecina

Pilecka-Rapacz M., Czerniawski R.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2010

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Tom 12

689-695

PL

Pstrągi potokowe Salmo trutta m. fario żyją w potokach górskich i wyżynnych o prądzie szybkim, dnie kamienistym i żwirowatym. Wymagają wody czystej i chłodnej. Prowadzą osiadły tryb życia, wykazują terytorializm, raczej trzymają się miejsc, które zajęły, zasiedlając kryjówki wśród kamieni, podmytych korzeni, w zagłębieniach dna. Czasem odbywają niewielkie wędrówki w poszukiwaniu odpowiednich żerowisk lub miejsc tarłowych. Kiedyś były to ryby masowo hodowane w stawach, obecnie są wypierane przez pstrąga tęczowego i ich znaczenie jako ryb hodowlanych zmalało. W środowisku utrzymują się dzięki wprowadzeniu wymiaru i okresu ochronnego a przede wszystkim dzięki prowadzeniu stałych zarybień wylęgiem i narybkiem przez Polski Związek Wędkarski. Są to bowiem ryby bardzo cenione przez wędkarzy [1]. Z przeglądu polskiego piśmiennictwa parazytologicznego wynika, że lista znanych pasożytów pstrąga potokowego obejmuje 18 gatunków [2, 3, 4, 5]. Badania parazytofauny dotyczyły przede wszystkim pstrąga z terenów Polski południowej [6, 7, 8] i Pomorza Wschodniego [2, 9]. Prezentowane badania dotyczą pstrąga potokowego wsiedlonego w ramach eksperymentu do niewielkiego cieku w Puszczy Bukowej

EN

Brown trout Salmo trutta m. fario live in mountain and hill streams with fast currents, rocky and gravel bottom. It requires clean, cool water. It leads sedentary lifestyle, shows territorialism, rather sticks to sites that it occupied, colonizing hiding places among rocks, washed over roots, in bottom depressions.Sometimes brown trout takes a small journeys in search of suitable feeding and spawning sites. Once they were mass-bred fish in ponds, now are being replaced by rainbow trout and their importance as a bred fish has declined. Brown trout persists in the environment through the introduction of assessment and the period of protection, above all by conducting regular stocks with hatchPasożyty pstrąga potokowego (Salmo trutta m. fario L.) wsiedlonego ing and fry by the Polish Angling Association. Indeed, brown tout is highly prized by anglers. A review of the Polish parasitological literature shows that the list of known parasites of brown trout includes 18 species. Research of parasitofaunamainly concerned trout from southern Poland and East Pomerania. The present study concerns brown trout stocked within the experiment to a small stream in the Puszcza Bukowa, Szczecin, Polnad. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of parasitic invasion in 39 brown trout. The study took place from 2001 to 2003 in Chojnówka stream. Chojnówka is a small stream, about 6 km long and about 1.3 m wide, located in north-western Poland, in the Szczecin Landscape Park "Puszcza Bukowa". It flows from the artificially banked up pond "Marzanna Pond" and flows toward the north at the bottom of the scenic gorge crossing a richly sculptured terminal moraine within the nature reserve "Bukowe Zdroje". Its bed is dug and banks are characterized by a slight slope. A few tiny streams flow into Chojnówka from the right side. The stream flows in the closed channel through Szczecin Zdroje and flows into Cegielinka - Regalica branch. In the stream there was no native fish fauna. Fish (1+ to 3+ years old) came from Chojnówka stream in Puszcza Bukowa in Poland. Their average length was 22,79 cm, average weight 116,42 g and Fulton's coefficient was 0,95. Only three fish had parasites; each of these had only one Nematoda C. ephemeridarum. The frequency of parasitic invasion in brown trout from Chojnówka stream is very low. This is because of the lack of any other fish species in this stream that can host parasites during different stages in their life-cycle.

13

Rezultaty badań fizycznych i chemicznych wód dopływów środkowej Drawy w roku 2007/2008

Domagała J., Czerniawski R., Pilecka-Rapacz M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2009

|

Tom 11

687-702

PL

Mimo dużego zainteresowania turystycznego Pojezierzem Pomorskim - badań wód Drawy i jej dopływów nie ma zbyt wiele. Dorzecze Drawy, jednej z piękniejszych rzek pomorskich, obejmuje: Pojezierze Drawskie, Pojezierze Myśliborskie, Pojezierze Wałeckie, Kotlinę Gorzowską [6]. Środkową Drawą przyjęto nazywać odcinek od ujścia rzeki z jeziora Lubieszewskiego (Lubie) do Elektrowni Kamienna. Powierzchnia zlewni środkowej Drawy stanowi 1/3 ogólnej powierzchni zlewni Drawy [3]. Dopływają do niej: Drawica, Korytnica, Słopica, Bagno, Stary Potok, Sitna, Ciek Leśny podlegają różnej działalności człowieka. Natomiast dolny odcinek dorzecza środkowej Drawy należy już do Drawieńskiego Parku Narodowego

EN

Analysis of water of middle Drawa river tributaries were executed on the basic physical and chemical parameters. Left-bank tributaries of middle Drawy such as: Drawica, Korytnica and the small tributary to Adamowo Lake in Drawno, so-called Bagno, and also right-bank: Stary Potok, Sitna, Ciek Leśny were included in investigation of water quality. Parameters in water of middle Drawa flowing from Lubie Lake were accepted as a reference to tributaries. Measurements were conducted since March 2007 till February 2008, regularny once a month (fig. 1). The water was taken in the current on depth of 0.2 m. Sampling points on water - courses were located in following places: 1 - below place of Drawy flow from Lubie Lake; 2 - after outflow of Drawica river from Mąkowarskie Lake; 3 - 1 km before Słopica inflow to Drawa; 4 - after outflow of Korytnica from Nowa Korytnica Lake; 5 - 50 m before inflow of water - course (Bagno) to Grażyna Lake; 6 - after Stary Potok outflow from Trzebuń Lake; 7 - 1 the km before Sitna inflow to Adamowo Lake, below weir dam; 8 - 200 m before Cike Leśny outflow to Krzywy Róg Lake. In water samples taken from those points following parameters were determined: temperature, content and saturation of oxygen, reaction of water (pH), BOD, conductivity and only in 4 points chemical parameters. Generally the waters of drainage basin have good quality. However individual tributaries have elevated level of separate parameters. Level of phosphates is especially disturbing. Admissible values of water quality parameters, regarding phosphorus given in Decree of Environment Minister from February 11 2004, are clearly crossed, and those waters also require the repair system. Other investigations [4, 7] also show on raised content of phosphorus in river basin of middle Drawa.

14

Parametry fizyczne i chemiczne wód dopływów dolnej Drawy w roku 2007/2008

Domagała J., Czerniawski R., Pilecka-Rapacz M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2009

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Tom 11

703-714

PL

Drawa, malownicza rzeka na Pomorzu Zachodnim, miejsce wielu spływów kajakowych, nękana przez rzesze turystów, nie zawsze zachowujących zasady dobrego wychowania w stosunku do niej, w dolnej swej części nie należy do województwa zachodniopomorskiego, a do wielkopolskiego. Właściwie w 100% swojej długości płynie przez teren Puszczy Drawskiej, a w swoim przyujściowym, kilometrowym odcinku otoczona jest łąkami i polami uprawnymi. Za dolną Drawę uważa się odcinek od Elektrowni Kamienna do ujścia Drawy do Noteci. Długość tego odcinka Drawy w linii biegu wynosi 30,8 km i rzeka na tym odcinku stanowi strefę lotyczną. Przyjmuje kilka dopływów drobnych i jeden większy - Mierzęcką Strugę. Dno rzeki ma charakter raczej piaszczysty z niewielkimi ilościami żwiru, kamieni i, przy brzegach, mułu

EN

Analysis of water of lower Drawa River three tributaries' were conducted on the basis of physical and chemical parameters. Left-bank tributaries of lower Drawa such as: Szczuczna and Człopica and also right-bank tributary Pokrętna were included in investigation of water quality. Parameters in water of lower Drawa in estuary area (Stare Bielice) were accepted as a reference to tributaries.Measurements were conducted since March 2007 till February 2008, regularny once a month. The water was taken in the current on depth of 0.2 m. Sampling points on water - courses were located in following places(fig. 1): 1 - Drawa in Stare Bielice locality, after railway bridge; 2 - samples were taken in the Upper section of Sczuczna after inflow of small left-bank tributary; 3 - Człopica - samples were taken in Kuźnica Żelichowska locality, about 5 km before water-course inflow to Drawa; 4 - Pokrętna, samples were taken at the road bridge between Mierzęcin and Przeborów, 3 km after river's outflow from Sarbin Lake and about 7 km before its inflow to Drawa. In water samples taken from those points following parameters were determined:temperature, content and saturation of oxygen, reaction of water (pH), BOD, conductivity and only in 4 points chemical parameters.In general, the quality of the drainage basin's waters were good. However, elevated level of separate parameters observed. The significantly level of phosphates is especially disturbing.

15

Charakterystyka chemiczna i fizyczna wód środkowej i dolnej Drawy w cyklu rocznym 2007/2008

Domagała J., Czerniawski R., Pilecka-Rapacz M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2009

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Tom 11

675-686

PL

O ile badań poświęconych Drawieńskiemu Parkowi Narodowemu jest wiele,główniebotanicznych, to badań zoologicznych jest znacznie mniej, a danychdotyczących charakterystyki wód zlewni Drawy - zupełnie mało [5, 6]. Drawa jest czwartorzędowym dopływem Odry. Uważana jest za najpiękniejszą rzekę środkowej części Pojezierza Pomorskiego, ze względu na urozmaicony, kręty bieg, bogactwo krajobrazu, liczne jeziora i lasy. Składowe zlewni Drawy przedstawiono na rysunku 1. Według Pasławskiego [4] dorzecze Drawy obejmuje: Pojezierze Drawskie, które stanowi centralną część Pojezierzy Pomorskich, Pojezierze Myśliborskie na zachód od środkowej Drawy, Pojezierze Wałeckie, stanowiące południowe przedpole Pojezierza Drawskiego i rozciągające się na wschód od środkowej Drawy, Kotlinę Gorzowską obejmującą ujściowy odcinek Drawy.

EN

Drawa is fourth degree Odra tributary. It is considered as the most beautiful river of middle part of Pomorskie Lakeland, because of diversified, winding course, richness of landscape, numerous lakes and forests. The whole Drava river basin is forested in considerable degree. In the middle and lower part among numerous forest complexes the most important is Drawska Forest. In chosen points of middle and low Drawa river all-year-round physical and chemical examinations were performed, with respect to their quality. Dynamics of changes of individual parameters were analysed in the entire year. We stated that the scope of temperatures showed the cleanness of waters rivers in principle to the first class, however in summer, cleanness of waters is higher. Concentration of dissolved oxygen, generally it is high, which in the summer indicated purities of waters to the third class in chosen points. Conductivity and pH of water was very good. Values of BOD5 was high, which pointed on second or third class. Concentration of all compounds of nitrogen didn't exceed norms. However the concentration of orthophosphates and total phosphorus was relatively high and it qualified waters for the third class. So At present waters of the river, pursuant to applicable regulations, don't have the conditions of waters about very good and of good quality.

16

Charakterystyka środowiska wodnego zlewni Środkowej i Dolnej Drawy w sezonie wegetacyjnym

Czerniawski R., Domagała J., Pilecka-Rapacz M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2008

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Tom 10

243-258

PL

Eutrofizacja jest ogólnie znanym problemem, dotykającym coraz większej liczby zbiorników wodnych i wód płynących, również tych, uznawanych za czyste i odporne na degradację. Jej bezpośrednią przyczyną jest nie tylko zwiększony napływ nutrientów ze zlewni, ale też ich stała resuspensja z osadów dennych. Sprzyjają temu również niekorzystne warunki morfometryczne i hydrologiczne zbiorników wodnych, ograniczające możliwość pionowego mieszania się wód. Eutrofizacja bezpośrednio objawia się przede wszystkim znaczącym wzrostem produkcji pierwotnej. Najbardziej widocznym efektem tego jest pogarszająca się w okresie letnim przezroczystość wód, spowodowana gwałtownym rozwojem glonów planktonowych. Innym objawem tego procesu jest stopniowe zarastanie zbiorników wodnych oraz cieków wodnych przez makrofity. W ostatnim czasie możemy obserwować znaczne przyspieszenie tego procesu, który w warunkach naturalnych trwa nawet kilka tysięcy lat. Wymienionym tu zjawiskom towarzyszą też trwałe zmiany składu gatunkowego, zarówno zespołów roślinnych jak i zwierzęcych, m. in. ichtiofauny. W niektórych przypadkach obserwuje się nawet całkowity zanik niektórych gatunków ryb, poprzez zbyt gwałtowne zmiany w ich środowisku zachodzące pod wpływem czynników biotycznych, abiotycznych i najczęściej, antropogenicznych. Spływ oczyszczonych, ale także nieoczyszczonych ścieków, melioracje, nadmierna eksploatacja terenów rolniczych należących często do zlewni bezpośrednich, wyloty burzowe kanalizacji miejskiej, a nawet sąsiedztwo ogródków działkowych przyczyniają się do niekorzystnych warunków panujących w zbiornikach naturalnych, bezpośrednio oddziałujących na stan bytowania poszczególnych gatunków ryb. Celem niniejszej pracy była ocena aktualnego stanu bio- i abiotycznego wybranych dopływów i jezior przepływowych Środkowej i Dolnej Drawy oraz obserwacja ich zlewni

EN

The Drawa River is an important element of the natural environment in the West Pomerania. However, all the examinations of this river together with small streams concern mainly areas of the Drawieński National Park which is located in the upper part of Drawa river. In order to determine influence of sewage and agricultural pollutants on waters of middle and lower Drawa River, physical and chemical parameters of water were determined in the area of Drawa river basin. In this area there are places, where values of physical, chemical and biological parameter show a strong influence of anthropogenic factors. Sites, which were particularly polluted, showed high concentration of biogenic substances and were covered with macrophytes typical for fast eutrophication. Many sites were characterized by changes of species and quantitative composition of fish, which are indicators of clean waters. The main reasons of disadvantageous changes in the aqueous environment are: sewage, agricultural fertilizers and effluents from fish breeding ponds. Results of investigations show, that Drawa River, and especially some of its tributaries and lakes located in its course are characterized by unfavourable environmental conditions. Outflow grounds of agricultural waste, industrial and even domestic waste landfills are located within their catchments, which is surprising in the XXI century. Moreover catchments are located near Drawieński National Park (DNP). Słopica river which estuary to Drawa is located in DNP is a good example of described situation. Within the catchment area of Słopica occur all factors, mainly anthropogenic, degrading its ecosystem. Realization of the packets of "ecological" programme Agriculture and Environment is a proper method to decrease emission of pollutants flowing down from agricultural areas to waters. Most important activities are: aftercrops and supplementary afercrop, maintenance of meadows and extensive pastures, limiting chemical fertilization. Very essential for the protection of waters is creation of buffer zones, in form of plant belts separating the water reservoir from agricultural tillage. Probably, examined water courses in the result of changes, mainly caused by anthropogenic stress will undergo slow, but total degradation. These changes probably will lead to morphological transformations, depriving all chances on existence of desirable for the environment species of flora and fauna, especially valuable fish species.