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Extraction of the Spatial and Temporal Surface Water Bodies Using High Resolution Remote Sensing Technology at Cardiff City, United Kingdom

Kareem Hayder H., Attaee Muammar H., Omran Zainab Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

135--147

EN

Since surface water is such a vital component to ecosystem health and human well-being, knowing where it can be found is of paramount importance. Moderate and low-resolution satellite photos are widely used for this purpose because to their practicality in large-scale implementation. However, very high-resolution (VHR) satellite pictures are required for the detection and analysis of more intricate surface water features and small water bodies. Extraction of water from VHR pictures on a wide scale necessitates efficient and reliable technologies. Cardiff City in Wales, United Kingdom is the area under investigation for the Enhanced Water Index (EWI) which will through this index can detect the surface water bodies (SWBs). The Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ETM+, and Operational Land Imager OLI Landsat images have been analyzed to extract SWBs over the years 1974, 1984, 1994, 2004, 2014, and 2023. Results shows that the years 1974, 1994, and 2014 have less SWBs regions compared to the years 1984, 2004, and 2023. Regions suffer from dry were larger than those contain water in the years 1974, 1994, and 2014, while in the years 1984, 2004, and 2023, SWBs were very large, leaving behind small areas that suffered from drought. It can expect from this study that the return period of dryness or wetness may happen every 20 years. This research can be used as a reference when developing new methods for extracting water body information from VHR photos, and it can be used to the mapping of water bodies in other broad regions.

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Evaluation the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Indices SAVI and MSAVI for Bristol City, United Kingdom Using Landsat 8-OLI Through Geospatial Technology

Kareem Hayder H., Attaee Muammar H., Omran Zainab Ali

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

89--97

EN

Soil moisture is highly variable in space and time; moreover, it has nonlinear effects on a wide variety of environmental systems. Understanding the multiple hydrological processes, developing more accurate models of those processes, and applying those models to conservation planning all benefit greatly from a better characterization of temporal and geographic variability in soil moisture. Vegetation indices (VIs) are used to assess vegetative coverings objectively and subjectively through spectral observations. The spectral responses of vegetated areas are influenced by many factors, including vegetation and soil brightness, environmental influences, soil color, and moisture. This research looked into the soil adjusted indices SAVI and MSAVI for the city of Bristol in the United Kingdom and assessed them. The Landsat 8 OLI of the research area was downloaded, whereas Bands 4 and 5 were processed in a geographic information system (GIS) to provide SAVI and MSAVI. The obtained values for the SAVI index are between -0.557 and 0.425, and the obtained values for the MSAVI index are between -1.183 and 0.441. The MSAVI is able to extract a thicker layer of vegetation than the SAVI. Similarly, MSAVI has revealed more non-vegetated locations compared to those extracted by SAVI. Since the MSAVI index provides reliable signals of land cover, it should be used in research applications. Technically, the work presented the GIS functionality of a raster calculator for processing Landsat 8 OLI data, and regionally, it added to the studies of Bristol City.

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Detection the Impact of Chlorophyll Index and Global Environmental Monitoring Index on Water Separation in Swansea in Wales, United Kingdom Through Analysing the Spectral Wavelengths of Landsat 8-OLI

Kareem Hayder H., Omran Zainab Ali, Attaee Muammar H.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

259--270

EN

Understanding the condition, spatial arrangement, and changing patterns of vegetation cover holds significant scientific and economic importance. Satellite platforms offer a highly convenient means to study how vegetation reacts to atmospheric influences by gauging reflectance in the visible and near-infrared spectra. Given the numerous potential origins of environmental land cover variability, this study seeks to examine how vegetation cover influences water separation. This is achieved by identifying the chlorophyll index (CIG) and global environmental monitoring index (GEMI) to enhance the vital safeguarding of water sector against the encroachment of excessive vegetation. To gain deeper insights into the impact of extensive vegetated areas, we have analyzed the CIG and GEMI within Swansea County, situated in Wales, United Kingdom. These emphasized indices are applied and their effectiveness is evaluated using geographic information systems and remote sensing technology. The outcomes of the CIG and GEMI analyses reveal that the indexes exhibit their lowest and highest values at (-1.38) and (1.75105, -9.61413e+008) respectively. These findings indicate the presence of extensive vegetated regions with a substantial proportion of chlorophyll emissions being reflected into the atmosphere. The dispersion of chlorophyll concentrations across the environment implies a significant risk to the water sector, potentially resulting in severe shortages and the potential for future water scarcity. Elevated readings of the CIG and GEMI indicate extensive coverage of Earth’s surface by vegetation, impacting the crucial water resources essential humanity. It is prudent to safeguard freshwater reserves and utilize it wisely to maintain its permanence.