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Legal regulations in the field of cultural heritage protection in Poland after 1989 – evaluation attempt

Landmann T.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2018

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Vol. 50, No. 1(187)

75--91

EN

This article attempts to analyze the legal regulations developed in the field of cultural heritage protection after 1989, with particular reference to the acquis after 2003. A thesis has been formulated that the period after 1989 was characterized by a clear redefinition of objectives and priorities in the field of cultural heritage protection compared to the period of the People’s Republic of Poland. To prove the thesis, the author referred to legal acts and jurisprudence, as well as to literature based on studies and articles from scientific journals on the legal protection of monuments. The research methods used were the legal acts analysis method and the literature analysis method. The presented content shows that the issue of legal protection of cultural heritage in Poland after 1989 was treated as one of the most important aspects of the long-term cultural policy of the state, although the work on the new law lasted for a relatively long time, 14 years after the political and structural transformation. The 2003 Act regulated a number of important issues regarding the protection of monuments and the care for monuments, redefining, and in many aspects setting, new directions in the field of cultural heritage protection in Poland. At the same time the legislator rejected the possibility of continuing the direction in this sphere, which had been chosen in the period between 1944 and 1989.

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The problem of multiculturalism on the example of Belarusian, Lithuanian, Jewish, Silesian and Tatar minorities in the perspective of the security of policy in the second Polish Republic

Landmann T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2017

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Nr 1

61--81

EN

The article is an attempt to analyse the problem of multiculturalism on the example of the influence of the five minority communities listed in the title in the perspective of the security of Poland in the period between 1918 and 1939. The considerations presented in this article are an addendum to the issues related to the policy of the authorities of the Second Republic of Poland on national minorities and its influence on the internal security of the state. This subject was undertaken by the Author earlier when he analysed the activity of the representatives the German and Ukrainian minority. The article presents potential factors which can destabilise internal security, especially at the social level, as a result of forces in the environments of the indicated national and ethnic minorities in the II RP. The presented arguments allow to conclude that during the whole interwar period the II RP authorities had to struggle with multiculturalism related to the presence of Belarusian, Lithuanian, Jewish and Silesian minorities because in their environment centrifugal forces were occurred many times and posed a threat to the internal security of the newly re-established Polish state. What is more, it turned out that the social and cultural policy of the II RP was not sufficiently wide-ranging for the above mentioned minorities. However, there were also other factors which constituted serious obstacles in pursuing the policy of efficient integration in the II RP society. It is possible to indicate here as an example the aversion of numerous representatives of these minorities to the social policy imposed by the Polish authorities, major discrepancies in the leading integration vision between significant political factions and also the influence of external propaganda and agitation influencing these minorities.

3

The influence of legal regulations in the area of protection of cultural property on the cultural security of the second Polish Republic in the years 1918-1939

Landmann T., Wełyczko L.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2017

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Nr 1

41--60

EN

The article attempts to analyse the significance of the legal output in the area of protection of cultural property enacted in the period of development of the Second Polish Republic. The paper advances the thesis that the years 1918-1939 were characterised by the crucial legislative out-put regarding the protection of cultural property, which guaranteed the possibility of protecting the tangible cultural heritage of the Polish nation in the difficult period of restoring the foundations of its statehood. The defence of the above thesis relies on both the literature and source materials, including mainly the materials stored in the Central Archives of Modern Records (Archiwum Akt Nowych) in Warsaw and archival materials published in Wojskowe Teki Archiwalne. Taking account of the specific nature of the selected topic, the key material comprised legal acts concerning the protection of historic monuments in the period of the Second Polish Republic and the adopted research method was the analysis of such materials. On the basis of the presented information it can be stated that the Second Polish Republic was a period of particular significance for the development of the Polish legal system in the area of protection of cultural assets. In the years 1918-1939, the legal protection of cultural property represented the way of enhancing the cultural security, consisting in the systematic development of legal norms. The development of the cultural property protection law was based on a number of legal acts passed both in the 1920s and in the 1930s. In the Second Polish Republic the cultural property protection law made it possible to combine the social function of safeguarding historic monuments with the public function in the protection of historic monuments, which had a favourable impact on the protection of the national heritage.

4

Manifestations of closer German-Soviet political, economic and military relations, in the years 1921-1926, from the perspective of the state security, as assessed by the Second Department of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces

Landmann T., Bastkowski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2017

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Nr 2

16--32

EN

The article attempts to analyse the practical examples of closer political, economic and military relations between Germany and Soviet Russia, and then the Soviet Union, in the years 1921-1926. The paper lays out the thesis that the closer German-Soviet political, economic and military relations, in the years 1921-1926, posed a significant threat to the security of the Second Polish Republic. To justify the above thesis both the literature and source materials were examined, including first of all the materials held in the Central Military Archives (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe) in Warszawa-Rembertów. The materials gathered in the groups of records of the Second Department of the Polish Army High Command and the Collections of Russian records were found out to be of key importance. The collected archival materials made it possible to identify different planes of cooperation between the Germans and the Soviets in the discussed period and to establish to what extent the Polish military intelligence was aware of the feasibility and effects of such closer relations, resulting in a direct threat to the security of the Polish state. On the basis of the presented information it can be stated that the Polish military intelligence provided an accurate diagnosis of the examples of German-Soviet cooperation, often anti-Polish in its form and character. In the years 1921-1926, this cooperation was particularly intensified, posing a threat to the security of the Second Polish Republic and leading to negotiations regarding both the western and the eastern borders of Poland established after the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Riga.

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Legal regulations in the field of cultural heritage protection in Poland in the years 1944-1989 in terms of cultural security of the country

Landmann T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2017

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Nr 4

88--102

EN

The article attempts to analyze the meaning of legal regulations developed in the field of cultural heritage protection in the years 1944-1989. It has been argued that these years were markedly different in terms of law in the sphere of cultural heritage protection than the period between 1918 and 1939 analyzed by the author in another article. The author decided to refer to legal acts and literature in the form of elaborations and magazines in the field of monuments protection. The specificity of the chosen subject and problem required the choice of a scientific method in the form of legal acts analysis, supported by literature review. The presented information shows that the period between 1944 and 1989 was characterized by a different approach of the Polish authorities towards the issue of cultural heritage protection in comparison to the years 1918-1939. The mentioned protection had an instrumental character and was one of the political-ideological tools influencing the society. Furthermore, the growth of legal protection of cultural assets in the age of the PRL took place in the conditions of centralized administration that adopted the idea of social distribution of many such assets, which led to devastation of numerous immovable monuments and sometimes also the antique furnishings. All the introduced legal regulations required a thorough change and redefinition of the legal status after the political-structural transformation of 1989.

6

The impact of Ukrainian and German minorities in Poland on the security of the state in the years 1919-1939

Landmann T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2016

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Nr 3

52--70

EN

This article attempts to look at the impact of the Ukrainian and German minorities in Poland on the national security in the years 1919-1939. In the study, the thesis was adopted that in the years 1919-1939 the Ukrainians and the Germans were two minorities that affected the security of Poland more than any other ethnic group. This impact was destabilizing. It was decided to rely on variable literature in order to prove the above thesis. The source documents from the Archives of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in NYC, the USA, were important research material as well. The analysis and evaluation of theses source documents had an additional input in the matter of research on how the national minorities had affected the internal security of the Second Republic of Poland. The content provided suggests that the influence of many actions of the Ukrainian and German minorities actually destabilized the inner situation in the Second Republic. The nature of activities of the both minority groups, however, was fundamentally different. The Ukrainian minority often referred to the paramilitary operations and assistance of military organizations for spreading terror and political forcing of their demands. Whereas, the German minority benefited from measures of political propaganda and agitation inspired from Germany. Its political parties and various associations often smuggled anti-Polish contents, in the spirit of the German policy of revisionism.

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Between parliamentarism and a presidential system model – reasons and consequences of the radical reorientation of assumptions underlying the polity of the polish state in the interwar period from the perspective of its security.

Landmann T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2016

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Nr 2

87--103

EN

The paper represents an attempt to analyse the reasons and consequences of the radical refocusing of the Polish state’s system in the interwar period. The thesis was advanced that in the interwar period in Poland two fundamentally different models of polity and governance of the state were created, which had a material bearing on the state’s general domestic situation, including also the security and stability of the polity. The presented arguments suggest that in the years 1918-1939 the model of the Polish polity evolved from the strengthening of the executive authority, during the initial formation of the independent state entity, through the representative parliamentary democracy, and up to the presidential polity, in which the president clearly dominated over the legislative and judicial authorities. Such momentous changes introduced over a relatively short period of time could be the evidence of destabilisation of the political scene and could also indicate that the bases of the democratic polity of the state were not firmly established in the interwar period.

8

Wybrane aspekty zarządzania wiedzą w uczelni wyższej

Wełyczko L., Landmann T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2011

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Nr 3

334-354

PL

W niniejszym artykule zostały zasygnalizowane wybrane aspekty zarządzania wiedzą w procesie dydaktycznym uczelni oraz jej otoczeniu. Bez odpowiedniego kapitału ludzkiego wykładowców (pracowników uczelni), studentów oraz kapitału strukturalnego uczelni ekspansywność, przepływ i konwersja wiedzy nie byłyby możliwe. W społeczeństwie wiedzy rola szkolnictwa akademickiego jest szeroko postrzegana, a jego zadania i misje wciąż się potęgują, by nadążyć za coraz bardziej zglobalizowanym współczesnym światem – w różnych sferach i dziedzinach, w jakich funkcjonuje człowiek, mający wpływ na jego nieustanny progres – ewolucję. Szkolnictwo akademickie jest motorem napędowym życia społeczno-gospodarczego. Myśl akademicka, potencjał naukowy i badania naukowe, realizowane w uczelni, współpraca wykładowców i studentów w tym zakresie z administracją publiczną i ludźmi nauki (otoczeniem uczelni), od których zależy przyszłość narodu - to tylko kluczowe dezyderaty zawarte w artykule.

EN

This article points out to some aspects of knowledge management in the educational process of a higher education school and its surroundings. Without proper human capital of lecturers (academic staff), students and the structural capital of the school, the expansiveness, movement and conversion of knowledge would not be possible. In a knowledge society, the role of academic education is widely perceived, and its tasks and missions continue to intensify, attempting to keep up with the increasingly globalized contemporary world – in different areas and fields, in which a human being operates, having an influence on its continuous progress, namely evolution. Academic education is the driving force of economic and social life. Academic thought, scientific potential and scientific research conducted at higher education schools, co-operation between academics and students in this field with public administration and scientists (the university environment), on whom the future of the nation depends, are just key demands presented in this article.

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Zarządzanie wiedzą jako kluczowy determinant społeczeństwa XXI wieku

Wełyczko L., Landmann T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2010

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Nr 1

122-139

PL

Autorzy w artykule, w sposób syntetyczny, ukazali jak ważnym naturalnym bogactwem w naszych czasach jest, a przede wszystkim w nadchodzącej przyszłości nadal będzie wiedza. Jej ogrom oraz nieskończone zasoby sprawiają, iż musi być ona w sposób mądry i skuteczny zarządzana i właściwie wykorzystywana przez kompetentnych, mądrych ludzi. Na wiedzy zostało zbudowane tzw. społeczeństwo informatyczne, którego ekspansja jest coraz trudniejsza do przewidzenia. Pewnym natomiast jest fakt, że wiedza dobrze wykorzystana może zapewnić nieprawdopodobny rozwój cywilizacyjny współczesnego świata. Istnieją także określone zagrożenia w tym względzie, które mogą spowodować zastąpienie ludzkiej pracy przez automaty, tym samym zostanie pomniejszona rola człowieka w określonych sferach ludzkiej działalności. Czy tak będzie na pewno? – nie jesteśmy w stanie tego przewidzieć. Natomiast rozważania futurologiczne zawsze niosą ze sobą pewną dozę prawdopodobieństwa. Istnieje coraz większe niebezpieczeństwo, że wiedza wykorzystywana będzie w złych celach, przez ludzi którym przyszłość ludzkości jest obojętna. O tym aspekcie także autorzy w niniejszym artykule sygnalizują.

EN

The article shows the significance of knowledge as a natural asset nowadays and, more importantly, in the near future. Owing to its abundance as well as infinite resources, it is required that knowledge is managed in a wise and efficient fashion and used by competent and wise people. Knowledge has constituted the basis for the creation of the so-called information society, the expansion of which is more and more difficult to predict. It is known for a fact, however, that knowledge that has been made good use of may ensure phenomenal civilization development of the contemporary world. There are also specific threats related to this issue which may result in substituting automatic machines for human work and eventually diminishing the role a human being plays in specified areas of human activity. How likely is it to happen? This we cannot foretell. This fact notwithstanding, futurological deliberations invariably offer some amount of probability. There is an increased risk that knowledge will be misused by the people indifferent to the future of humankind. This aspect is also mentioned by the authors of the article.

10

Nauczyciel - andragog w europejskiej edukacji regionalnej społeczeństwa wielokulturowego

Landmann T., Wełyczko L.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2009

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Nr 3

97-104

PL

Autorzy artykułu zasygnalizowali najważniejsze kwestie związane z szeroko rozumianą edukacją wielokulturową. Inspiracją dla podjętej przez nich problematyki był fakt, iż związek państw, jaki stanowi obecnie na kontynencie europejskim - Unia Europejska, przeżywa w ostatnim 10 - leciu prawdziwy progres pod każdym względem istnieją swoiste implikacje, na które coraz częściej zwraca się uwagę, a które wynikają przede wszystkim z różnorodności kultur poszczególnych społeczeństw państw członkowskich. W artykule wyeksponowano w zarysie rolę, jaką mają w tym zakresie do spełnienia nauczyciele ludzi dorosłych – NAUCZYCIELE ANDRAGODZY. Bowiem to od nich w największej mierze zależy jednoznaczne i jednolite rozumienie współistnienia wszystkich ludzi Unii Europejskiej - pomimo istniejących pomiędzy nimi róSnic w sferze społeczno-kulturowej, ekonomicznej czy politycznej. Rola nauczycieli - andragogów staje się kluczową dla edukacji europejskiej. To ich profesjonalizm - oparty o poSądane kompetencje, poparty odpowiednią osobowością decyduje o ugruntowaniu u wszystkich ludzi społeczności wielokulturowej wiedzy świadomościowej w tym zakresie. W konsekwencji powinno to prowadzić do pokojowego współistnienia różnorodności kultur europejskich, uwzględniających zasady humanizmu, demokracji, solidarności i wzajemnej tolerancji. Powinien to być najwaSniejszy cel edukacyjny, ku któremu winna zmierzać EDUKACJA EUROPEJSKA.

EN

The authors of this article aimed at emphasising the most significant issues related to the broad concept of multicultural education. The inspiration came from the fact that the current federation of European countries – the European Union – has made multilateral progress over the last ten years. The ensuing implications concern the diversity of cultures within the societies of the Member States. The article outlines the role that needs to be fulfilled by teachers of adults called andragogue teachers. As such they assume responsibility for unequivocal and uniform understanding of the coexistence of all people within the European Union despite social, cultural, economic, and political differences. The role of andragogue teachers is becoming the cornerstone of European education. Their professionalism resulting from desirable competence and appropriate personality determines the consolidation of multicultural awareness among societies. Consequently, it leads to peaceful coexistence of diverse European cultures taking account of the rules of humanism, democracy, solidarity, and mutual tolerance. Hence andragogics should constitute the ultimate educational objective for EUROPEAN EDUCATION. In the opinion of the authors, the article may encourage further investigation and development of andragology concept.

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Poglądy oficerów kursów specjalistycznych WSOWL na motywację szeregowych zawodowych wojsk lądowych w aspekcie służby wojskowej

Landmann T., Wełyczko L.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2008

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Nr 3

131-143

PL

W artykule przedstawiono opinię oficerów i słuchaczy kursów specjalistycznych WSOWL, dotyczącą wypracowania i stworzenia uwarunkowań pozyskiwania kandydatów na szeregowych zawodowych. Autorzy na podstawie ww. opinii chcieli określić jakie są rzeczywiste motywy szeregowych zasadniczej służby wojskowej (ZSW) i szeregowych zawodowych w codziennej służbie, ich zaangażowanie w zadania na zajmowanym stanowisku. Uzyskane wyniki badań pozwalają wyciągnąć wniosek, iż przyjęte założenia osiągnięcia pełnej profesjonalizacji Sił Zbrojnych RP w obecnym kształcie będą trudne do zrealizowania.