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Non-oriented electrical steel under bending and annealing effects

Hebri Mohamed Amine, Bauw Grégory, Lecointe Jean-Philippe, Duchesne Stéphane, Fawaz Sara, Zito Gianluca, Arslane Idir, Abdelli Abdenour, Maier Adrien, Vandeginen Clément

Archives of Electrical Engineering

2025

Vol. 74, nr 2

447--461

This study investigates the impact of bending stress and annealing on the magnetic performance of 3% silicon-iron non-oriented electrical steel (NOES). Samples were bent into diameters of 120 mm, 160 mm, and 200 mm representing the internal, average and external diameters of an axial flux machine and their magnetic properties, including permeability and iron losses, were measured. The results show that bending stress significantly degrades these properties, with smaller diameters causing greater deterioration. Annealing treatments were applied to restore performance, with partial or full recovery depending on the annealing temperature. A finite element (FE) model is proposed to account for the effects of bending on magnetic performance, incorporating three regions with distinct magnetic properties corresponding to different bending radii, using the commercial software JMAG-Designer. The study’s findings provide valuable insights into the effects of bending and annealing on NOES, offering potential applications in toroidal transformers and axial flux machines.