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1

Investigation of microstructure of bone tissue in mandibles of newborn rats after maternal treatment with antiretroviral drugs

Filipek J., Binkowski M., Maciejewska K., Drzazga Z., Wróbel Z.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 35, no. 1

54--63

EN

High-resolution imaging has become a powerful tool for measurements in clinics, laboratory and animal studies, etc. In the present study, we aimed to investigate age related changes in bone development, and the effect of two antiretroviral agents (zidovudine and indinavir), which were administered during pregnancy, on the microstructure and bone mineral density (BMD) in newborn rats (7-, 14- and 28-day-old), with the use of X-ray microcomputed tomography (XMT). Fifty-four mandible bones were collected and divided into 3 groups: group 1 and 2: newborns after maternal treatment of zidovudine and indinavir respectively, group 3: control animals. The specimens were XMT scanned with the resolution of 7 μm and with a density phantom. Histomorphometric parameters and BMD were calculated to assess bone development depending on the administered drug. A statistical analysis was carried out to compare the differences among the control, zidovudine and indinavir groups. The analysis of the microstructure revealed disturbances in the development of the bone tissue in newborn rats. Indinavir seems to have a greater impact on bone microstructure than zidovudine.

2

Markerless assisted rehabilitation system

Binkowski M., Guzek K., Napieralski P.

Journal of Applied Computer Science

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2013

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Vol. 21, nr 2

7--19

EN

The project focuses on the use of modern technology to analyze human movement. This analysis turns out to be useful aid for physicians in rehabilitation of patients with limb injuries. This method is more precise than simple observation of the patient through the organ of sight. The proposed system allows markerless determination of deviations between the selected bones and joints, and as a result do not require specialized and expensive equipment. The implemented application presents instructional animation of the exercises and verify the correctness of its performance in real time. The equipment that meets the requirements of the project is the Microsoft Kinect, which is nowadays widely used in the medical ﬁeld.

3

Differences in trabecular bone mechanical strength measured by the x-ray microcomputed tomography and compressive test

Binkowski M., John A., Nowak R., Bożek M., Bielecki M.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2010

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Vol. 15

163--168

EN

The article describes the concept of measurement of the mechanical strength of trabecular bone dissected from human femoral head. When the studies are performed based on the human trabecular bone, there is a risk that correlation can be not achieved due to high discrepancy in the distribution of the bone density and mechanical properties. The compressive tests and X-ray microcomputed tomography with associated density phantom were used to deliver quantitative data. There is a conclusion that the selection of the region in the femoral head has to be performed very carefully. The region where cylinder is dissected can influence the results and produce fake data, which could not be correlated in the density of bone.

4

The influence of bone tissue microstructure' parameters on bone mineral density parameter computed within the computer simulation process

Binkowski M., Dyszkiewicz A., Wróbel Z.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2005

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Vol. 9

49--55

EN

The given article was created with reference to lack of correlation between results from densitometry test of bone tissue and its mechanical strength. The changes of bone mechanical strength cannot be solely connected with changes of bone mineral density with micro structural construction of bone tissue. The article describes the research using a computer simulation where changes of physical density and parameters of bone microstructure were modelled. The influences of those parameters for changing the bone mineral density have been computed. It has been calculated during simulation process similar to the way it has been provided from densitometry test. The computation process has been carried out on the basis of computer method of simulation of x-ray radiation propagating through the object and had been was created and tested in the previous research. The model of tested object was defined by spatial high resolution distribution of density. The simulation was executed on a sample of bone tissue. The input data to the model of sample were series of cross-sections obtained previously from micro CT of an animal sample. The changes of parameters were simulated in the model based on a method of 2D image processing. The procedure was used to reduce the trabecular surface for all cross-sections. The results of the algorithm were measured during algorithm process. Images were also analyzed by software to measure parameters of microstructure. It gave a chance to estimate the correlation between measured parameter and parameters of microstructure. The applied method of simulation of attenuation of x-ray radiation allowed to produce densitometry image and to compute parameter similar to bone mineral density. The analysis of obtained results shows how the bone mineral density computed from simulation depends on changes of parameters of microstructure.

5

Modeling of X-ray propagation in bone microstructure

Binkowski M., Król Z., Wróbel Z., Zeilhofer H.-F.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2005

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Vol. 9

75--82

EN

This paper presents some results concerning the analysis of X-ray propagation through biological structures. We introduce a physical model of the phenomenon and a numerical method based on this model for simulation of X-ray radiation propagation. The proposed method enables generation of radiological projections like those in the computed tomography or microtomography. We have focused our attention on the attenuation of X-ray radiation in bone tissue. Our computational model enables simulation of radiation propagation in the virtual specimen. The virtual bone microstructures used in our experiments are derived from the microtomography datasets of real bone specimens. The main advantage of our approach is that we can change the microstructure of the virtual sample in many ways by using the image processing methods. Results presented in this paper contain simulations of X-ray propagation for modified and unmodified trabecular microstructures as well as the visualization of the radiation intensity distribution for the simulated cases. With this new simulation technique, it is possible for example to analyze the propagation of X-ray radiation for different pathologic types of bone microstructure (e.g. virtually generated osteoporosis).

6

Simulation of the reaction of X-ray radiation with an object while densitometry tests

Binkowski M., Dyszkiewicz A., Wróbel Z.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2004

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Vol. 8

MM95--104

EN

The computer modelling of absorption effect of X-ray radiation in the bone tissue was analysed. An image, which is produced as a result of X-ray absorption was computed based on the absorption law. The simulation enables to define dimensions and resolution of space where the experiment will be realised. A model of a sample contains information about its geometry and distribution of density. It can be made as simple solids or loaded from external source, like files. This method may be useful to load information about bone microstructure into the simulation space. A source of X-ray radiation was defined as a plate, which has initial radiation intensity. Rules of radiation propagation were simplified to straight model where radiation propagates in the direction perpendicular to the surface of detector which records an image. The image is generated by computation of partial absorption for each space elements. The results of simulation of model of micro-structure of bone tissue are presented. They can be useful to show when densitometry test does not contain accurate and full information about bone tissue. It may by helpful in the future while searching for reasons of incomplete correlation between mineral density and mechanical strength.

7

Moduł wykrywania sygnału głosowego o zróżnicowanej amplitudzie w systemie automatycznego rozpoznawania mowy

Binkowski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Automatyka / Politechnika Śląska

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2003

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z. 138

31-46

PL

W pracy opisano przykładowy moduł wykrywania sygnału głosowego, wspomagający system rozpoznawania mowy. Jednym z bloków funkcjonalnych opisywanego modułu jest funkcja wyznaczająca obwiednię sygnału. Zaproponowano działanie modułu przy zastosowaniu różnych funkcji obwiedni: wartości maksymalnej sygnału w oknie, średniej wartości bezwzględnej sygnału w oknie, odchylenia standardowego sygnału w oknie, energii sygnału w oknie oraz entropii sygnału w oknie. W końcowej części pracy porównano rezultaty otrzymane dla przykładowej wypowiedzi, zarejestrowanej wraz z zakłóceniami i szumem otoczenia. Wskazano również możliwości dalszych badań i sposoby poprawy skuteczności wykrywania głosu.

EN

This work describes an example of voice detection module, supporting speech recognition system. One of functional blocks of described module is an envelope function. Voice detection efficiency has been examined using various envelope functions: maximum value of signal in a window, mean of absolute values of signal in a window, standard deviation of signal in a window, energy of signal in a window and entropy of signal in a window. In last part of the work the results of analysis of an exemplary signal have been presented. The signal has been recorded with accompanying ambient noise and disturbances. Also means of improvements and areas of further exploration has been proposed.

8

The parameters of density and mechanical strength of bone tissue in diagnosis of osteoporosis

Binkowski M., Wróbel Z., Dyszkiewicz A.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2003

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Vol. 6

IT117--125

EN

The paper presents results of a study, in which an incomplete correlation between the mineral bone tissue density and patient susceptibility to bone fractures was confirmed. A simple model describing distribution of internal forces present in the microstructure of trabecular bone is proposed. The purpose of this model is to demonstrate that parameters of mechanical strength depend not only on the quantity of mineral material in the bone, but also on the quality of the trabecular structure. In addition, we present the results of cortical and trabecular bone micro hardness test, which are then used to calculate of the modulus of elasticity. Micro-hardness test was performed using Micro-Combi-Tester equipment. Micro-hardness was measured with Vickers diamond; analysis of displacement prosperities was carried out by Olivier and Pharr method. Young's modulus was calculated directly from the resulting unloading curve. Generally, the results for both cortical and trabecular bone tests correspond to the results known from literature. However, depending on localization of the test, slight deviations in modulus of elasticity occur. In conclusion of this research, it is proposed that the dependence between bone mineral density and Young's modulus can be calculated using samples of a normal bone and a bone with changed biomechanical properties. The aim of this research would be to estimate a quantitative coefficient, which would describe differences between mineral bone density and the bone's real density, which is responsible for the immunity to fractures.

9

Modal techniques in biomedical objects analysis

Binkowski M., Wróbel Z.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2001

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Vol. 2, Part. 2

MT93--MT99

EN

The use of model analysis to in vivo assessment of human bone mechanical properties has been presented. The aim of analysis is to examine condition of human’s bone tissue in respect of appearance osteoporosis. Considering the fact that DEXA (Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) is the most popular method using to detection osteoporosis and fracture of bone, obtained results were accepted as the standard. Base on the results precise program checking effect accomplishing by using a new method has been prepared.

10

Rozpoznawanie poleceń głosowych z wykorzystaniem technik transformacji falkowej

Binkowski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Automatyka / Politechnika Śląska

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2000

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z. 132

5-19

PL

W pracy opisano przykładowy system rozpoznawania poleceń głosowych, wyposażony w bazę wiedzy zawierającą 21 słów. W systemie sygnał mowy jest dekomponowany za pomocą transformacji falkowej. Poszczególne pasma zdekomponowanego sygnału są poddawane analizie cepstralnej, w wyniku czego ekstrahowane są cechy związane z informacją, niesioną w sygnale mowy. Cechy te są następnie poddawane dwupoziomowej klasyfikacji za pomocą sieci neuronowej typu sieć samoorganizująca się. Skuteczność rozpoznawania w systemie, omówiona na końcu pracy, plasuje się na poziomie 39% (rozpoznawanie pewne) plus 43,5% (rozpoznawanie niepewne). Na końcu pracy zasugerujemy również metody potencjalnego podniesienia skuteczności rozpoznawania w proponowanym systemie.

EN

This work describes an example of voice commands recognition system, equipped with a database with 21 words included. The speech signal in the system is decomposed using Wavelet Transformation. Individual sub-bands of the decomposed signal are then analysed using cepsrtal analysis, and the features related to spoken information are extracted. This features are then classified with a self organizing map neural network. The effectiveness of recognition is about 39% (sure recognition), plus about 43,5% (unsure recognition). Addtionally, some potential improvements of the recognition effectiveness are proposed.

11

Regulator temperatury powietrza

Binkowski M.

Chłodnictwo i Klimatyzacja

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1999

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nr 6

31-32

PL

Artykul prezentuje wprowadzony na rynek przez firmę Honeywell regulatory powietrza o nazwie Micronik 200.

12

MICRONIK 200 - regulator temperatury dla małych i średnich instalacji wentylacji i klimatyzacji

Binkowski M.

Technika Chłodnicza i Klimatyzacyjna

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1998

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nr 8

361-362