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Long-term trends and factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the Tatra Mountains, Poland

Małecki Jerzy J., Matyjasik Marek, Krogulec Ewa, Porowska Dorota

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 1

19--38

EN

The results of rainwater chemistry monitoring in the Tatra Mountains, Poland, during the periods 1993–1994 and 2002–2019 were used to determine long-term trends and the factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the last two decades. In the early 1990’s, the study area was characterized by prominent acid rains with a pH of 4.4 that affected surface water, meadows, and forest ecosystems. A rising pH temporal trend has been observed during the following years, indicating improving air quality. This trend has also been observed in measured ionic concentrations and reduced wet deposition loads of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing acid-forming compounds. The neutralization capacity of rainwater in Kasprowy Wierch increased over the last twenty years and has mostly been dominated by NH4 + . The ammonium availability index has been steadily increasing between years 2002 and 2019 but remains less than 1. This statistically significant relationship also indicates that a portion of neutralization occurs in the lower part of the atmosphere due to ammonium-related neutralization processes. The acidic potential (AP) and the ratio AP/NP (acidic potential/neutralization potential) have been declining during the same time. The stated trends in rainwater chemistry reflect the transformation to more environmentally sustainable economies in the region. Similar changes have been observed in neighboring countries in the region, including Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Lithuania.

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Causes of groundwater level and chemistry changes in an urban area; a case study of Warsaw, Poland

Krogulec Ewa, Gruszczyński Tomasz, Kowalczyk Sebastian, Małecki Jerzy J., Porowska Dorota, Sawicka Katarzyna, Trzeciak Joanna, Wojdalska Anna, Zabłocki Sebastian, Zaszewski Daniel

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 4

495--517

EN

The presented studies focus on changes in groundwater levels and chemistry, and the identification of important factors influencing these changes on short- and long-term scales in urban areas. The results may be useful for rational and sustainable groundwater planning and management in cities. The studies concerned three aquifers: (1) the shallow Quaternary aquifer, (2) the deep Quaternary aquifer, and (3) the Oligocene aquifer in the capital city of Warsaw (Poland). The spatial variability of groundwater recharge was determined and its changes in time were characterized. The characteristics of groundwater levels were based on long-term monitoring series. The results indicate that urban development has caused overall reduction in infiltration recharge (from 54 to 51 mm/year), which is particularly clear in the city suburbs and in its centre, where land development has significantly densified during the last 30 years. Studies of groundwater levels indicate variable long-term trends. However, for the shallowest aquifer, the trends indicate a gradual decrease of the groundwater levels. In the case of the much deeper Oligocene aquifer, groundwater table rise is observed since the 1970s (averagely c. 20 m), which is related with excessive pumping. Based on the studied results, the groundwater chemistry in the subsurface aquifer indicates strong anthropogenic influence, which is reflected in multi-ionic hydrogeochemical types and the occurrence of chemical tracers typical of human activity. The Oligocene aquifer is characterized by a chemical composition indicating the influence of geogenic factors.

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Hydrogeological Assessment of the Mineral Composition of the Bottled Waters Available For Sale in Poland

Porowska Dorota

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 4

103--111

EN

The choice of bottled waters available for sale is large. The assessment of their mineral composition was based on the results of 120 natural waters and 46 mineral waters (in relation to the hydrogeological classification of water mineralization). Significant diversity was found in terms of the basic mineral composition, and in many cases also a wealth of microcompounds (e.g. fluorides, iodine, selenium), which have a positive effect on the human health. Both the deficiency and excess of the water consumed and the amount of contained ingredients have an influence on the human health. While choosing water, it is worth considering the volume of water consumed, the age and health of the consumer, season of year, activity, type of diet, taken dietary supplements, vitamins and medicines. The information on the label is sufficient to choose the water suited to the individual needs. The waters with high mineralization and/or with large concentrations of microcompounds should be used after medical consultations to determine their use: specify the area of application and recommended drinking amount and frequency.

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Ocena oddziaływania składowiska odpadów komunalnych na wody podziemne w różnych etapach fazy poeksploatacyjnej (składowisko w Otwocku)

Porowska Dorota

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 475, Hydrogeologia z. 16

183--189

PL

W sąsiedztwie zrekultywowanego składowiska odpadów komunalnych w Otwocku (okolice Warszawy) wykonywano wieloletnie badania wód podziemnych. Ich celem była identyfikacja czasowej i obszarowej zmienności chemizmu wód, umożliwiająca ocenę oddziaływania tego obiektu na wody podziemne w w różnych etapach fazy poeksploatacyjnej. Z badań wynika, że materiał zdeponowany w latach 1961–1991 aktywnie uczestniczy w procesach hydrochemicznych, obniżając jakość wód podziemnych na kierunku przepływu, poniżej składowiska. O oddziaływaniu tego obiektu na wody podziemne świadczyły: wyższe stężenia jonów w strefie jego oddziaływania, przekroczenie wartości górnych granic tła wielu jonów, szczególnie wysokie koncentracje wodorowęglanów (antropogenicznego pochodzenia), przewaga sodu nad wapniem. Stwierdzona aktywność składowiska uzasadnia potrzebę kontynuacji badań monitoringowych wód podziemnych w tym rejonie w kolejnych latach.

EN

The long-term study of groundwater was conducted in the vicinity of a reclaimed municipal landfill in Otwock (near Warsaw). The aim of the study was to identify the temporal and spatial variability in groundwater chemistry, and to assess the landfill impact on groundwater at various periods of the post-closure stage. The research indicates that the material deposited in 1961–1991 participates actively in hydrochemical processes that lower the groundwater quality along the flow direction below the landfill. The impact of this site on groundwater was evidenced by higher concentrations of ions in the area below the landfill, exceedances of the upper background limits of many ions, extremely high concentrations of bicarbonates (anthropogenic origin), and prevalence of sodium over calcium. The landfill activity justifies the need to continue groundwater monitoring in this region in the future.