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Influence of a Primer on the Velocity of Detonation of ANFO and Heavy ANFO Blends

Žganec S., Bohanek V., Dobrilović M.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 3

694--704

EN

ANFO is the most common explosive for civil use in the fields of mining and civil engineering. Some properties of ANFO, like poor water resistance, low density and low velocity of detonation can be improved by mixing ANFO with a certain percentage of an emulsion. These explosives are called Heavy ANFO blends. This paper presents a study of the influence of a primer on the velocity of detonation of ANFO and Heavy ANFO blends. Three types of primers were used for the initiation of the explosives and the velocity of detonation was measured in situ by a continuous method. Based on the results of these measurements, the relationship between the detonation velocity of the primer used and the detonation velocity of the primed explosive were established.

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Influence of explosive charge temperature on the velocity of detonation of ANFO explosives

Dobrilović M., Bohanek V., Žganec S.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2014

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Vol. 11, no. 2

191--197

EN

ANFO is the most common explosive for civil use in the fields of mining and civil engineering. The effect of the explosive and the quantity of energy released by the detonation depends on the velocity of detonation. The influence on explosive performance of a large number of physical aspects of ANFO explosives and the conditions of initiation during blasting operations are mostly known, but the influence of the charge temperature on the velocity of detonation is not known. In order to quantify that influence, research on laboratory samples of smaller diameter and field samples of larger diameter, detonated in steel pipes, has been carried out. By processing and analysing the measured results the influence of charge temperature on the velocity of detonation of ANFO explosive has been determined.

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Influence of the Initiation Energy on theVelocity of Detonation of ANFO Explosive

Bohanek V., Dobrilović M., Škrlec V.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2013

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Vol. 10, no. 4

555--568

EN

ANFO explosives have been widely used for blasting operations in mining and civil engineering. From a scientific point of view, ANFO is interesting due to its non-ideal detonation. There are numerous factors that affect the velocity of detonation of ANFO explosives. This paper presents measured velocities of detonation of ANFO explosives initiated by various initiation methods and initiation energies. ANFO explosives were tested in steel pipes, and detonators and boosters of different masses and initiation energies were used for initiation. The initiation energy of a detonator was determined using the underwater initiation capability test. The influence of the equivalent shock energy and the equivalent bubble energy on the velocity of detonation of ANFO was also determined. These measured results contribute to a better understanding of the non-ideal detonation of ANFO explosives.