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Metale ziem rzadkich : niezbędne pierwiastki technologii jutra

Czaja Małgorzata

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2025

[Z] 79, 11-12

1044--1064

Rare earth elements (REE) are a group of 17 elements, including the lanthanides as well as scandium and yttrium, characterized by unique physicochemical properties arising from their electron configuration and the presence of 4f orbitals. This article presents the classification of REE, their occurrence in nature, physicochemical properties, and processing and recycling technologies, highlighting environmental and technological challenges. The significance of REE in modern technologies - such as electronics, renewable energy, automotive, magnetic materials, and catalysis - is discussed. The article also addresses the market situation and availability of these elements, emphasizing the need for sustainable extraction and recycling methods to ensure resource security and support technological development.