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Processing of Palm Mill Oil Effluent Using Photocatalytic: A Literature Review

Agustina Lya, Suprihatin, Romli Muhammad, Suryadarma Prayoga

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 11

43--52

EN

The extraction of palm oil fruit (E. guineensis) is achieved by a combination of methods such as pressing, sterilizing, digesting, peeling, grading, purifying, and vacuum drying the extracted oil. This process requires excessive use of water and produces a large amount of wastewater with a high concentration of pollutants, called palm oil mill efluent (POME). This waste water is a high-viscosity liquid with a brown color and a temperature of 80–90 °C. It has a very low pH value, between 4.2–4.5, has a high chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, and is extremely toxic. POME treatment has adopted a variety of methods and technologies, including coagulation-flocculation, anaerobic-aerobic treatment and membrane technology. Biological treatment is mainly used to treat POME, and the POME treated through biological treatment is called palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). Unfortunately, the treated wastewater still contains high concentrations of organic matter. The color of the effluent is still dark brown. The remaining pollutants from this biological process are generally difficult to degrade biologically, thus requiring suitable processing methods for its removal, so that it can be discharged to the environment safely or even reused orrecycled. One of the challenging processing methods is photocatalytic process. This method is able to utilize abundant resources in the form of sunlight, and is also effective to degrade a wide variety of recalcitrant organic pollutants in the wastewater. This paper presents the current research and development of photocatalytic degradation process for processing of palm oil mill secndary effluent. The review and analysis are focused on synthesis of photocatalyst and the photoreactor design. Based on the results of the literature review and analysis, some recommendations are formulated for future research for their application in advanced POMSE management so that it can be reused for various purposes.

2

Improving the Quality of Anaerobically-Pretreated Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Electrocoagulation

Sailah Illah, Reyhanto Fathan, Puspaningrum Tyara, Romli Muhammad, Suprihatin Suprihatin, Indrasti Nastiti Siswi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

112--124

EN

The palm oil extraction process generates large amounts of effluents with very high concentrations of pollutants, even though they are subjected to anaerobic pretreatment. Further treatment is needed in order to ensure that the effluent is safe for disposal or reuse. This work was conducted to evaluate the performance of an electrocoagulation process in removing pollutants from the anaerobically-pretreated palm oil mill effluent. A 1000 ml beaker glass equipped with a magnetic stirrer was used as an electrocoagulation reactor with four plates of aluminum electrode @ 12×2 cm and an effective area of 0.1 m2 arranged in a bipolar configuration. The experiments run in a batch mode were carried out at various voltage levels and contact times, namely 10, 15, and 20 V for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The level of pollutant removal and electrical energy consumption were determined. The electrocoagulation process at 15 V for 30 min produced the highest level of pollutant removal for TSS, turbidity, color, COD, and BOD5, i.e. 90%, 86%, 93%, 87%, and 97%, respectively. The estimated operating costs for these process conditions are 1.48 USD/m3. A second order empirical model was developed to describe the TSS removal in the POME electrocoagulation process. The electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes can significantly reduce various types of pollutants of anaerobically-pretreated POME, such as TSS, turbidity, color, COD, and BOD5. The estimated cost of EC operation is cheaper than the chemical coagulation process.

3

Carbon Footprint of Semi-Mechanical Sago Starch Production

Yusuf Mega Ayu, Romli Muhammad, Suprihatin, Wiloso Edi Iswanto

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

159--166

EN

Indonesia is the country with the greatest potential for sago in the world. This research is intended to determine the carbon footprint of sago starch produced from a semi-mechanical process. The calculation was carried out using the LCA approach with the system boundary of cradle to gate. The process steps were carried out in a combination of manual work and diesel-driven engines. The inventory data on material, energy input flows and emissions were obtained from 3 samples of typical medium-scale semi-mechanical sago mills. It was found that the carbon footprint of the sago produced from semi-mechanical processes was 37.9±0.6 kgCO2eq per 1 ton of dried sago starch. Further analysis shows that 62% of the carbon footprint comes from the extraction stage and 38% from the transportation. It can be estimated that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the semi-mechanical sago starch production in Indonesia for 2018 reached around 2,617,639 kg CO2eq.