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2 Journal of Ecological Engineering

2 2023

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Performance Study on Cathode Microporous Layer Using Biomass Activated Carbon for Passive Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

Ekdharmasuit Panuwat, Sapkitjakarn Jiratchaya, Sangwanangkool Phuritutphong, Bampenrat Akarasingh, Sukkathanyawat Hussanai

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2023

Vol. 24, nr 10

214--224

In passive direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), the micro-porous layer (MPL) is a vital component of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), facilitating gas-liquid mass transport and improving electronic conductivity. The conducted study involved preparing various carbon materials for the cathode MPL, including Ketjen Black (KB), activated carbon (AC) from Durian shells, and a 15% weight mixture of AC and KB (AC15%). Characterization of the activated carbon was carried out using nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis. Additionally, various electrochemical techniques, including cell polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), anode half-cell polarization, and anode EIS, were conducted to examine the effects of the cathode MPLs on cell performance. The results indicated that the cell with the conventional KB cathode MPL displayed the highest performance, whereas the AC15% and AC cathode MPLs showed relatively lower performances, respectively. The AC cathode MPL in the cell encountered challenges, such as decreased pore volume, increased micropores, and a hydrophobic electrode nature, leading to reduced gas transport resulting in poor cell performance. In contrast, the AC15% cathode MPL, which combined AC and KB in the electrode, achieved an appropriate micropore and mesopore balance. However, performance did not improve due to a heterogeneous contact surface between the cathode catalyst layer and the cathode MPL, resulting in higher ohmic resistance. Incorporating biomass-based materials into the electrode presents an interesting possibility due to the utilization of cheap and readily available precursors, as well as the ability to tailor morphology. Conducting a systematic study of durian shell activated carbons would reveal improved properties of the carbon material suitable for implementing in the MPL of passive DEFCs.

Agro-Industrial Waste Upgrading via Torrefaction Process – A Case Study on Sugarcane Bagasse and Palm Kernel Shell in Thailand

Bampenrat Akarasingh, Sukkathanyawat Hussanai, Jarunglumlert Teeraya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2023

Vol. 24, nr 3

64--75

In this research, the upgrading of agro-industrial wastes was investigated by using the torrefaction pretreatment technique. Two types of biomass waste, including sugarcane bagasse (SBG) and palm kernel shell (PKS), were used as raw materials. The operating conditions, i.e., torrefaction temperature and residence time, are between 225–300 °C and 30–90 minutes. The findings show that, in terms of mass yield and calorific value of the solid product, the torrefaction temperature is a more sensitive parameter than the residence time. By increasing the torrefaction temperature from 225 to 300 °C, the mass yields are dropped in the range of 28.79–31.57 wt.% and 28.00–29.88 wt.%, while the effect of holding time exhibits the mass yield decreasing only 3.12–5.90 wt.% and 1.53–3.41 wt.%, for SBG and PKS torrefaction, respectively. In terms of calorific value, higher heating values increase as torrefaction severity increases, varying in the range of 0.29–2.84 MJ/kg, with torrefaction temperature as the dominant factor. Regarding the calorific value, energy yield, energy gain, and energy-mass co-benefit index, the optimal operating conditions for SBG and PKS torrefactions are the same condition as 275 °C for 90 minutes. SBG and PKS bio-coals obtained from torrefaction are promising solid fuels with high calorific value (about 23 MJ/kg), with an energy yield of 73.93–77.41%, relative to coal that could be further utilized for co-firing in thermal power plants.