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Carnivore and ungulate populations in the Beydaglari Mountains (Antalya, Turkey) : border region between Asia and Europe

Albayrak T., Giannatos G., Kabasakal B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2012

Vol. 60, nr 2

419-428

Turkey is being a bridge between Europe and Asia and it provides the natural pathway for the spread of species between these continents. The Beydaglar. Mountains and its surroundings (Antalya) host many Asian, European and Mediterranean faunal and floral elements and the location, which is considered as one of the most important faunal areas in Turkey especially for larger mammals. The study is the first systematic survey of the carnivores in the region which is based on photo trapping. The cameras were set at 45 locations for 2055 trap days between 2005-2009 over the area 294 km2 at the altitude 1200-2000 m a.s.l. Most of the species and their individual abundance were recorded in maquis habitat type followed by red pine forest, mixed (red pine and maquis), and cedar forest respectively. The wild animals that were captured included five mammalian carnivore species (red fox Vulpes vulpes, badger Meles meles, stone marten Martes foina, gray wolf Canis lupus and caracal Caracal caracal) and also wild boar Sus scrofa, fallow deer Dama damaand hare Lepus europaeus. Photo trapping activity was mostly recorded between 21:00 and 03:00 hours. Wild terrestrial carnivores occur at low densities in the study area (1.73 for caracal and 0.9 for wolf ind.100 km[^-2]) while the most widespread larger mammal was the wild boar (188 ind.100 km[^-2]). The small fallow deer population was mainly confined in a large (4.2 km2) fenced enclosure and its size was accessed by direct drive count. The results support the hypothesis that Beydaglar. Mountains having the Asian, European and Mediterranean mammals makes the Anatolian Peninsula being a bridge between Europe and Asia. Caracal density was lower than the Datca population in the southern part of Anatolia. This may be consequence of higher human activities in the Beydaglar. Mts. Human activities in the Beydaglar. Mts. should be reduced for sensitive animals to human activities like caracal and wolf and the illegal hunting should be strictly prohibited in the area for viability of the large mammals of Beydaglar. Mts.

Habitat parameters and breeding density of Kruper's Nuthatch Sitta krueperi Pelzeln in Southern Turkey

Albayrak T., Bairlein F., Erdmenger F.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2010

Vol. 58, nr 3

545-552

Kruper's Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi, Passeriformes) is small-area confined species and it mainly occurs in Anatolia in Turkey, but small numbers are found on the adjacent Lesvos Island and the Caucasus region. It is considered as a "near" threatened species by IUCN. Breeding success of Kruper's Nuthatchs, which use nest cavities excavated by woodpeckers or make their own entrance holes in slightly decayed old tree trunks, is about 72% fledged birds and main food is composed of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Although this species is mainly confined to red pine (Pinus brutia) forest, it occurs also in the other coniferous habitats. Kruper's Nuthatch was surveyed in four regions of Mediterranean Turkey: the Antalya, Central Taurus, Aladaglar region and Amanos Mountains on an area of 27.9 km2. Total of 395 point counts were taken in coniferous forests during the breeding season 2005 to explore the factors which affect the population distribution and density. For each point counts following habitat parameters were measured: (1) height of canopy top, (2) height of canopy bottom, (3) tree diameter at breast height, (4) percentage cover (5) average distance between two trees, (6) total number of strata of vegetation and topographic data (altitude, degree of slope, direction of slope, soil texture). The average density of Kruper's Nuthatch recorded in the all sites was 7.38 [plus or minus] 0.57 birds km[^-2]. However, it differs between regions (ANOVA; P <0.0001) with highest density in the Antalya region (12.10 [plus or minus] 2.10 birds km[^-]2), and a decrease to the east with lowest density in the Amanos Mountains (2.42 [plus or minus] 0.98 birds km[^-]2). Kruper's Nuthatch breeding density was higher in high altitude and in black pine (Pinus nigra) forest. The highest mean density was found in black pine forests (12.69 [plus or minus] 2.4 birds km[^-]2; n = 29), followed by Cilician fir (Abies cilicica) forest (11.61 [plus or minus] 2 birds km[^-]2; n = 39), Lebano cedar forest (Cedrus libani) (8.49 [plus or minus] 1.8 birds km[^-2]; n = 25) and red pine (Pinus burutia) forest (7.75 [plus or minus] 0.9 birds km[^-2]; n = 188) respectively. We also found a negative correlation between the densities of Kruper's Nuthatch and the total number of strata of the vegetation. High number of the birds occurs in more open coniferous forests. Mature coniferous forests especially black pine forests at high altitudes should be preserved for its conservation in Antalya region.