Purpose: The effectiveness of gas purification depends on the sorption properties of sorbents. The aim of the research was to determine the ability of sodium sorbents to remove gaseous pollutants such as HCl and HF. Design/methodology/approach: The research used baking soda subjected to mechanical and thermal activation, which was introduced into the hot flue gas circuit, similar to the dry flue gas cleaning method used in all kinds of boilers. Findings: In almost all cases, mechanical and thermal treatment of baking soda allowed for a significant improvement in the reduction of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride concentrations in the exhaust gases produced during the combustion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Research limitations/implications: The preparation of sorbents must consider the optimum development of the material's specific surface area, especially during thermal activation, to prevent pores from sintering. Practical implications: In wet and dry flue gas cleaning processes, sodium compounds are used in the power industry. Appropriate preparation of the sorbent allows for improving the effectiveness of reducing the concentration of harmful substances and reducing investment and operating costs. Originality/value: From the point of view of process optimisation, the results obtained will contribute to the identification of optimal operating conditions in dry sorbent injection systems to prevent the pores on the surface of the sorbent from clogging when injected into hot flue gases.
Purpose: The aim of the research was to describe the properties and methods of using limestone for desulfurization of flue gases and to analyse the process of fluidized bed comminution and the influence of selected parameters and stand modification on quality of product of fluidized bed comminution. Design/methodology/approach: Tests of the grinding process on the fluidized bed were carried out using a modified fluid bed mill for operational variable parameters and their results were compared with the results received before modification. The modification of the test stand consisted of increasing the height of the grinding chamber, which ensured an increase in the volume of the fluidized layer where the grinding process takes place. Findings: Main parameters that determined the effects of comminution in the analyzed case were: overpressure of working air and the rotor speed of the classifier. The introduction of the modifications of the test stand ensured an increase in the volume of the fluidized layer in which the grinding process takes place. As well as a greater gravitational classification, which caused larger grains to be stopped in the grinding chamber and shift of characteristics of grain compositions towards finer grains. Research limitations/implications: It is assumed that the diameter of sorbent grains used in the fluidized bed can not exceed 6 mm. The granularity of the offered sorbents ranges from 0.1 mm to 1.2 mm. The quality of the desulfurization process depends on the overall granulation of used sorbent grains. Practical implications: Appropriately selected sorbent grains used in wet and dry flue gas desulphurisation plants ensure improved efficiency of the desulphurisation process and lower operating costs of the installation. Originality/value: Thanks to the comminution method used, a sorbent is obtained without impurities and with an increased specific surface, which can be used in fluidized bed boilers.
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję wykonania regulatora, który dopasowuje parametry grzałek elektrycznych do napięcia o zmiennej wartości i częstotliwości, generowanego przez prądnicę wolnobieżną, napędzaną turbiną o zmiennej prędkości obrotowej. Opisano wykonany model regulatora. Badano współpracę regulatora obciążenia z modelem prądnicy. Wykazano możliwość wykorzystania przyjętego rozwiązania w elektrowniach przydomowych o małej mocy.
EN
Article presents the concept of the regulator execution, which adapts the parameters of electric heaters to the voltage about the variable value and the frequency generated by the slow-running generator, driven by turbine with variable speed. Is described constructed model of the regulator. Was examined cooperation between regulator of load and model of generator. It has been demonstrated the possibility of using the adopted solution in the power station about the low power for household.
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The differences in morphology and age between single and paired males of an urban population of the European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) were studied in Żeromski park in the city of Szczecin (NW Poland) spanning 11 breeding seasons since 1998. The proportion of single to paired males in different age groups was established. Also, morphology features like the length of tail, wing and tarsus of 45 single males and 475 paired males were collected. We found that old males (after second year of life) formed pair bonds more often than the young males (in their second year of life). The probability of being a paired male in case of young males increased along with the tarsus length.
W pracy przedstawiono i omówiono wyniki symulacji komputerowych dla wybranych układów mechanicznych analizowanych w pracach Studenckiego Naukowego Koła Modelowania Komputerowego „Grafen”. Wyniki zostały uzyskane metodą elementów skończonych z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania Abaqus. System Abaqus jest wykorzystywany na Wydziale Zarządzania i Modelowania Komputerowego przy wspomaganiu zajęć dydaktycznych z mechaniki technicznej, wytrzymałości materiałów, i w realizacji prac dyplomowych. Zaprezentowano wyniki obliczeń dla problemów statycznych i dynamicznych.
EN
The results of computer simulations of selected mechanical problems have been presented. The simulation have been done during working of student research club "GRAPHENE". The presented results have been performed with the finite element method using the Abaqus system. The Abaqus program is utilized in reaserch works and in teaching in Faculty of Managment and Computer Modelling. The results of calculation of statics and dynamics modelling were presented.
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