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Cudziło S.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2008

[Z] 62, 11-12

1017-1036

The replacement of black powder with nitro compounds in the middle of the 19th century revolutionized warfare, mining and civil engineering. The performance of the explosives that came into use at that time and which are still commonly used (nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, trinitrotoluene) is three times higher than that of black powder. Within the next 150-year evolutionary development of explosives, their performance has been increased by about 60%. During that period, useful explosives were searched among organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The search was quite successful. For example stable caged nitroamines (HNIW, Fig. 3) were synthesized which densities are higher than 2 g/cm3 and detonation velocity exceeds 10 km/s. Recently, potential candidates for high energy density materials (HEDM) have been observed among meta-stable compounds (e.g. all-nitrogen compounds), molecular composites where fuel and oxidizer are mixed at a molecular level or nano-systems of reactive materials. It is assessed that in this way useful explosives can be produced with performance even ten times higher than that of HMX - the best explosive that is in use today. Such an increase in energy content would make possible miniaturization of ammunition and the fire power of small arms would become comparable to the contemporary artillery. This means not only enormous change in the battlefield tactics but also new threats of terrorist attacks on the critical infrastructure.