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1

Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on cutting conditions during orthogonal turning of austenite stainless steel

Kónya Gábor, Takács János, Miskolczi István, Kovács Zsolt F.

Production Engineering Archives

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2024

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Vol. 30, Iss. 1

86--93

EN

The 1.4306 austenite stainless steel has been prominently utilized as a material in the automotive and aerospace industry. Considerable interest has been garnered in the machinability of stainless steel owing to its high strength and poor thermal conductivity. The aim of this study is to ascertain the influential cutting parameters, specifically the cutting speed and feed rate, on cut-ting forces, cutting temperature, and chip evaluation. Thus, austenite stainless steel was subjected to free-cutting using a carbide recessing tool under dry conditions. The principle of measuring cutting temperature, a complex procedure due to varying thermal homogeneity, was elucidated. For the turning experiments in question, the standard Taguchi orthogonal array L9 (32 ), featuring two factors and three levels, was employed. The experimental results were analyzed using MiniTab 17 software. The findings reveal a substantial effect of feed rate on cutting force, cutting temperature, and chip evaluation. The highest cutting force and cutting temperature were observed at a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev. Conversely, the cutting force was minimized at a cutting speed of 100 m/min, indicating potential for increasing the cutting speed. The augmentation of feed rate led to chip compression and discoloration, attributed to elevated cutting force and a larger chip cross-section that efficiently dissipates heat from the cutting zone

2

Machinability of steels used for drinking water installation fittings

Chaczyk Agnieszka, Skoda Philipp, Krawczyk Janusz

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2024

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Vol. 45, nr 1

6--11

EN

The machinability of two steels was assessed: 11SMnPb37 with reduced lead content and lead-free 11SMn30 steel. Turning tests were performed based on the selection of parameters, as a result of which the tool will be worn after 1 minute. The evaluation took into account power consumption, chip shape, changes in the surface layer and surface roughness. The tests are aimed at determining the own index of machinability of materials used in SANHA Polska. The generally available machinability index has to be adapted to each application [1]. This adaption is often pretty time and cost consuming. Therefor we are looking for a fast and cheap alternative for the rich machine park with various machining properties. The developed methodology and the obtained results are the basis for further research conducted as part of the implementation doctorate, the aim of which is to implement the production of well-machinable lead-free materials for drinking water installation, characterized by good solderability and corrosion resistance.

PL

Przeprowadzono ocenę skrawalności dwóch stali: 11SMnPb37 z obniżoną zawartością ołowiu i bezołowiowej stali 11SMn30. Próby toczenia wykonano w oparciu o dobór parametrów, w wyniku których narzędzie zostało zużyte po czasie 1 min. Przy ocenie wzięto pod uwagę pobór mocy, kształt wióra, zmiany w warstwie wierzchniej materiału i chropowatość powierzchni. Badania miały na celu wyznaczenie własnego indeksu skrawalności materiałów stosowanych w SANHA Polska. Ogólnie dostępny wskaźnik skrawalności musi być dostosowany do danego zastosowania [1]. Taka adaptacja jest często dość czasochłonna i kosztowna. Dlatego przeprowadzono 1-minutowy test jako szybką i tanią alternatywę dla bogatego parku maszynowego o różnych właściwościach obróbczych. Opracowana metodyka i otrzymane wyniki stanowią podstawę do dalszych badań prowadzonych w ramach doktoratu wdrożeniowego, którego celem jest wdrożenie do produkcji dobrze skrawalnych materiałów bezołowiowych przeznaczonych do instalacji wody pitnej, charakteryzujących się dobrą lutownością i odpornością na korozję.

3

Investigation of coated and uncoated carbide cutting tool wear in dry turning of en aw 2007 aluminum alloy

Leksycki Kamil, Patil Gauravkumar Himmatrao, Małecka Joanna, Cagan Cinar Suleyman, Dąbrowski Karol

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 29, no. 3

69--81

EN

The automotive, aerospace and marine industries make extensive use of aluminum and its alloys to produce a wide variety of components. This prompts research work related to improving manufacturing processes using these materials. One of the main problems in this area is the durability of cutting tools. This article describes the results of tests on wear of the coated and uncoated carbide cutting tools during turning of EN AW 2007 aluminum alloy. The tests were carried out under dry conditions and at higher cutting speeds. On the face rake, the VBB indicator (average width of the flank wear) and on the rake face, the KB indicator (crater width on the rake face) were evaluated. Only for the uncoated insert, the break-in period, steady-state wear region and intensive wear were observed and the limited alue of the VBB indicator was obtained after 36 minutes of the tool life. The TiAlN+TiN coated insert, as well as TiCN achieved very short tool life periods of 16 and 24 minutes, respectively. Compared to the uncoated and the TiCN coated insert, a VBB increase of about 170% was obtained for the TiAlN+TiN coated insert after 16 minutes. In contrast, an increase in the VBB of almost 60% was obtained for the TiCN coated insert after 24 minutes, compared to the uncoated insert. Compared to the uncoated insert, an increase of 12.1% in the KB value was obtained for the TiCN coated insert, and 18.2% for the TiAlN+TiN coated insert. The main wear mechanism of the tested cutting inserts was the phenomenon of adhesion. Abrasion wear is observed on the surfaces of the TiAlN+TiN and TiCN coated inserts. The TiCN coated insert also showed coating delamination. The build-up edge (BUE) phenomenon is observed on the surfaces of the TiAlN+TiN coated and uncoated inserts.

4

Analysis of Results of Non-Contact Coordinate Measurement of a Cutting Tool Applied for Mould Machining

Bazan Anna, Magdziak Marek, Jamuła Barbara

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 4

121--127

EN

One of the main problems of machining of moulds is the need for an effective monitoring system of wear of cutting tools. This paper presents the results of coordinate measurements of a cutting tool which were obtained by using the non-contact measuring system based on the ACCURA II coordinate measuring machine equipped with the LineScan laser measuring probe and the Calypso metrology software. Investigations were carried out for several measurement strategies including different measurement resolutions and scanning speeds. The results of the coordinate measurements obtained by using the above-mentioned coordinate measuring system were compared to the reference data measured by means of the InfiniteFocus microscope. The measurement results were analysed by means of two software packages: Focus Inspection and Zeiss Reverse Engineering. The point clouds measured by using the LineScan probe were characterized by the selected deviation statistics equal to 4-6 μm when a good match between measurement points and the reference data was obtained. Moreover, these statistics mainly depend on the measurement resolution. The results of the performed experimental research allowed for drawing conclusions concerning the significance of the effect of the adopted measurement strategies on the results of the non-contact coordinate measurements of the selected cutting tool. The application of the non-contact coordinate measurements to the above-mentioned measurement task may contribute to the development of regeneration methods for cutting tools applied for mould manufacturing.

5

Analysis of the compromise between cutting tool life, productivity and roughness during turning of C45 hardened steel

Abidi Youcef

Production Engineering Archives

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2021

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Vol. 27, Iss. 1

30--35

EN

Tool wear and surface roughness as performance indexes are considered to be the most important in terms of hardened materials’ machinability. The best combination of cutting parameters which enhances the compromise between tool life, productivity and machined surface quality contribute to benefice on production cost, which makes manufacturing industry interested in it. The aim of this research is to investigate the life of ceramic cutting tool and machining productivity together with surface roughness during turning of hardened steel C45, with focus on the selection of the optimal cutting parameter combination. The experiments are carried out based on uni-factorial planning methodology of cutting speeds and feed rates. The results show that the mixed ceramic tool is suitable for turning hardened steel C45 (40 HRC) and the conclusion is that it performed well in terms of tool life, productivity and surface quality at a combination of cutting speed (200 m/min), feed (0.08 mm/rev) and depth of cut (0.3 mm). Additionally, a tool life model has been proposed which is presented very high coefficient of determination.

6

A review of the recent investigations regarding texturized cutting tools

Jarosz Krzysztof

Mechanik

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2021

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R. 94, nr 4

6--9

EN

This paper presents some important, recently performed investigations on the laser texturing technology applied to the PCD and PCBN cutting tools and some resulting process outputs including cutting forces, tool wear indexes concerning both rake and flank tool faces. It was documented that the properly texturized tool faces results in a substantial reduction of cutting forces, elimination of the adhesion interaction between the tool and the chip, and reduction of abrasive and diffusion tool wear. The role of additional lubrication supply to the cutting zone with modified contact properties is discussed.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono kilka ważnych, niedawno przeprowadzonych badań nad technologią teksturowania laserowego zastosowaną w narzędziach skrawających z PCD i PCBN oraz niektóre wynikające z tego procesu wyniki odnośnie do siły skrawania, wskaźników zużycia narzędzia, dotyczące zarówno powierzchni natarcia, jak i powierzchni bocznej narzędzia. Udokumentowano, że odpowiednio teksturowane powierzchnie narzędzi powodują znaczne zmniejszenie sił skrawania, eliminację interakcji adhezyjnej między narzędziem a wiórem oraz zmniejszenie zużycia ściernego i dyfuzyjnego narzędzia. Omówiono rolę dodatkowego doprowadzania smaru do strefy skrawania o zmodyfikowanych właściwościach stykowych.

7

Influence of ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting on ploughing effect in cutting Ti6Al4V

Chen Feiyang, Wang Dazhong, Wu Shujing

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

55--73

EN

In this study, the finite element method (FEM) is used to study the ploughing effect of ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting Ti6Al4V. Due to the existence of the cutting edge radius of the tool, there will be a ploughing area in the cutting of Ti6Al4V. The ploughing area is an area where the stress state is very complex in the cutting process. The ploughing force and temperature of the ploughing area are important factors that affect the machined surface quality and tool wear. The main research of this paper includes the establishment of ploughing force, temperature and dynamic friction coefficient model of the ploughing area, and the correctness of the analysis model is verified by using the finite element method. Then, by changing the cutting conditions, the influence of changing the cutting parameters on the ploughing effect is discussed. The results show that the analysis model can be used to monitor the ploughing force and ploughing area temperature, and ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting can significantly reduce the ploughing force and ploughing area temperature, reducing tool wear and plastic deformation of the machined surface.

8

Comprehensive analysis of tribological factor influence on stress-strain and thermal state of workpiece during titanium alloys machining

Stupnytskyy Vadym, She Xianning

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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LXVIII, nr 2

227--248

EN

The article describes how different friction coefficients under certain cutting conditions and parameters affect the formation of the stress-strain and thermal states of the product when titanium alloy machining. A new research methodology is used for the study. Firstly, in the initial data for simulation, each time a different declared coefficient of friction is proposed, and every such task of the cutting process modelling is solved for various cutting parameters. The second stage analyzes how these coefficients influence the stress-strain and thermodynamic state of the workpiece and tool during cutting, as well as the tool wear dynamics. In the third stage of the study, ways for ensuring these analytically-grounded tribological cutting conditions are proposed. The analysis of different wear criteria in the simulation models of titanium alloys cutting is carried out. Experimental studies confirm simulation results.

9

The Effect of Cutting Tool Wear on the Rate of Corrosion Wear of a Machined Material

Bezjazychnyi Vyacheslav F., Pleskun Vladislav V.

Tribologia

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2020

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nr 1

5--11

PL

Zaproponowano sposób obliczeniowego oszacowania wpływu zużycia narzędzi skrawających na intensywność zużywania korozyjnego warstwy wierzchniej materiału obrabianego. Cechą charakterystyczną podejścia jest ocena stopnia zużycia korozyjnego w zależności od zużycia narzędzia, parametrów chropowatości powierzchni przedmiotu obrabianego i stopnia utwardzania warstwy wierzchniej na zimno, a także parametrów warunków obróbki technologicznej (parametrów skrawania, geometrii narzędzia skrawającego, właściwości obrabianego materiału i narzędzia).

EN

A possible variant for calculated estimation of the degree of the impact of the cutting tool wear on the value of the part’s surface layer wear obtained during processing with the edge tool, due to atmospheric corrosion, is presented. The feature is the evaluation of the wear rate and its numerical value depending on the tool wear, roughness parameters of the work piece surface, and the degree of cold hardening of the surface layer, as well as parameters of the technological machining conditions (cutting conditions, geometry of the tool cutting part, properties of the machined and the tool materials).

10

Experimental determination of the surface geometrical structure parameters and tool wear during turning the polymer concrete

Kępczak N., Rosik R.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 24, nr 1

1--6

EN

The paper presents the results of experimental determination of the Surface Geometrical Structure (SGS) parameters and tool wear during turning the polymer concrete. Until now, all literature reports have shown that the smoothness and roughness of the mineral cast surfacewas obtained directly from the mold. However, new applications of polymer concrete, even for some parts of the machine tools, forced the producers to carry out machining, which would improve the parameters of the surface layer. The topic of machining ceramic-based composite materials is a new chapter in the field of machining, which has not been sufficiently researched so far. The article describes the process of experimental determination of dependence of surface layer and tools wear parameters from cutting parameters during longitudinal turning of polymer concrete. The turning was carried out using plates made of a cubic boron nitride (CBN). After machining, the surface roughness and the maximum width of the flank wear were measured. On this basis, the mathematical model of the surface layer and tools wear parameters versus cutting parameters were defined. The authors also attempted to explain the phenomena occurring in the machining zone using variable cutting parameters. Microscopic pictures of CBN plates after machining were also performed. After the study, the final conclusions about the machining of mineral cast material were formulated.

11

Effect of material microstructure on tool wear behavior during machining additively manufactured Ti6Al4V

Dang Jiaqiang, Cai Xiaojiang, Yu Dedong, An Qinglong, Ming Weiwei, Chen Ming

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 1

41--55

EN

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies are increasingly applied in various industries since they provide the possibility to manufacture the components with high geometrical complexity easier and faster than traditional processes. However, the subsequent semi-finish/finish machining operations such as drilling, turning and/or milling are still necessary for AM parts to obtain the required surface textures and meet the practical requirements. As such, the AM parts usually indicate different machinability compared with conventionally produced ones in view of the different material microstructures. A comprehensive understanding of this machining effort is of great importance for similar engineering applications but not widely reported. Thus, an attempt was made in this work to address the effect of the material microstructure on the machining stability and tool wear behavior in dry drilling of the hard titanium alloys. The experimental results highlight a correlation between the tool wear behavior and material microstructures. A great number of micro-pits appeared on the tool flank face and the abrasive marks, coating delamination, as well as catastrophic failure of the cutting edge were found to be more obvious during machining the DMLS alloy. In contrast, adhesion wear followed by micro chipping and build-up edge were distinguished when machining the wrought Ti6Al4V. Meanwhile, heat treatment can improve the flow plasticity and reduce the brittleness of the AM material since catastrophic failure disappeared and chip adhesion becomes more predominant when machining the HTDMLS Ti6Al4V.

12

Temperature Measurement of Modern Cutting Tools During Turning

Grochalski Karol, Jabłoński Piotr, Talar Rafał, Twardowski Paweł, Wieczorowski Michał, Jakubek Bartosz, Rukat Wojciech

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 14, no 4

37--48

EN

The study presents the influence of the anti-wear coatings and the type of material from which the cutting tools are made of on the cutting temperature occurring on the tool. The cutting tools made of boron nitride and tungsten carbide composite were investigated. The methodology of measuring the cutting temperature using the thermoelement and thermovision techniques was presented. The results of the temperature measurements occurring on the cutting tool in the cutting zone were compared. The paper also presents a method of determining the effective emissivity of the tested tools, necessary for the correct temperature measurement using the non-contact method. The obtained data were interpreted and the relationships described, and then the results obtained were discussed.

13

Asymmetrical mini disk tools - possibilities of use and directions for further development

Kotwica Krzysztof

New Trends in Production Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 2, Iss. 1

223--232

EN

The paper presents a new solution of asymmetrical mini disk tools for mining head of roadheader designed for hard and very hard rock mining. In the first part the benefits of disk tools used in TBM's and special tunneling machines were presented. Next part presents the results of works and laboratory tests performed for developing of new solution of asymmetrical mini disk tools. On the basis of these results new mining head equipped with mini disk tools with a complex trajectory was designed. The results of field tests with different constructional and material solutions of asymmetrical mini disk tools were presented. The directions for further development were described.

14

The influence of cutting fluid and diamond-like carbon coating on cutting tool wear

Kowalczyk Joanna, Madej Monika, Milewski Krystian, Nowakowski Łukasz, Ozimina Dariusz

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

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2019

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no. 2

83--92

EN

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of coolant on the wear of tools made of cemented carbides without a coating and with a diamond-like coating DLC type a-C:H and the quality of workpiece surface. The a-C:H coating was obtained by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition PACVD. Identification of the elements included in the cutting tool before and after turning was performed using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDS X-ray microanalyser. The face turning was carried out using a numerically controlled lathe. Turning were made without using cutting fluid (“dry”) and using a non-toxic cutting fluid containing zinc aspartate. After turning, the wear of cutting tools was measured using a stereoscopic inspection microscope, and the surface texture of the workpieces was examined with an optical profilometer. The research discussed in this article contributed to the development of production thanks to the comparison of materials used for cutting tools for metalworking, as well as in the search for more and more durable cutting tools for extending durability of cutting tools, improving the quality of treated surfaces and reducing machining costs. During the machining process with the cutting fluid aspartate, layers of zinc compounds were formed, which reduced the coefficient of friction and tool wear.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono realizację i wyniki badań, których celem było określenie wpływu chłodziwa na zużycie narzędzi z węglików spiekanych bez powłoki oraz narzędzi z węglików spiekanych z naniesioną powłoką diamentopodobną DLC typu a-C:H. Oceniono również jakość obrobionej powierzchni detalu. Powłokę a-C:H uzyskano techniką chemicznego osadzania z fazy gazowej wspomaganej plazmą PACVD. Identyfikację pierwiastków wchodzących w skład narzędzi przed i po toczeniu wykonano przy użyciu skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego wyposażonego w mikroanalizator rentgenowski EDS. Toczenie poprzeczne przeprowadzono za pomocą tokarki sterowanej numerycznie. Wykonano toczenie poprzeczne bez użycia chłodziwa - „na sucho” oraz z zastosowaniem nietoksycznego chłodziwa zawierającego asparaginian cynku. Po toczeniu zmierzono zużycie narzędzi skrawających stereoskopowym mikroskopem inspekcyjnym, a teksturę powierzchni obrabianych przedmiotów zbadano profilometrem optycznym. Badania polegały na porównaniu materiałów stosowanych na narzędzia skrawające do obróbki metali, a także na poszukiwaniu coraz to wytrzymalszych, wpływających na przedłużenie trwałości narzędzi, poprawiających jakość obrabianych powierzchni oraz na zmniejszeniu kosztów obróbki. Podczas obróbki skrawaniem z użyciem chłodziwa zawierającego asparaginian cynku powstały warstwy związków cynku, które wpłynęły na zmniejszenie współczynnika tarcia oraz zużycia narzędzia.

15

Analysis of wear of tools made of 1.2344 steel and MP159 alloy in the process of friction stir welding (FSW) of 7075 T6 aluminium alloy sheet metal

Więckowski Wojciech, Burek Rafał, Lacki Piotr, Łogin Waldemar

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 1

54--59

EN

The study presents an analysis of wear of tools made of 1.2344 steel and MP159 alloy for the process of obtaining an overlap joint in 1.0 mm and 0.8 mm sheet metal made of 7075 T6 aluminum alloy using friction stir welding (FSW) technology. Tool geometry was designed at the Czestochowa University of Technology. Evaluation of tool wear was conducted based on the measurements of geometry of working area of tools by means of a multisensory meter system and based on the assessment of the working area by means of a stereoscope after individual stages of wear tests. Furthermore, based on the results of a static tensile strength test and metallographic examinations of the specimens sampled from the joints obtained during tool wear tests, the effect of the degree of tool wear on joint quality was also evaluated. Analysis of the results revealed that both the tool made of 1.2344 steel and that made of MP159 alloy were substantially worn, increasing the risk of further use of the tools for the joint material (7075-T6) after obtaining the joint with length of 200m, which suggests their low durability. Furthermore, modification of tool geometry caused by wear led to insignificant improvements in joint strength. Therefore, the results of wear measurement set directions for further modification of tool geometry, also due to the fact that despite a substantial wear, the tools continued to yield high-quality joints without defects. As demonstrated in the study, the type of tool material does not only impact on tool life but also, as it was the case in their geometry, has a significant effect on the quality of obtained joints. Although the tool made of MP159 alloy was worn more than the tool made of 1.2344 steel, it allowed for obtaining the joints with substantially better strength parameters.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę procesu zużycia narzędzi wykonanych ze stali 1.2344 oraz stopu MP159 w procesie wykonywania złączy zakładkowych z blach ze stopu aluminium 7075 T6 o grubości 1,0mm i 0,8mm technologią zgrzewania tarciowego z przemieszaniem materiału (FSW). Geometrię narzędzi użytych do badań opracowano na Politechnice Częstochowskiej. Ocenę zużycia narzędzi przeprowadzono w oparciu o pomiary geometrii części roboczej narzędzi na maszynie multisensorycznej oraz na podstawie oględzin powierzchni roboczej przy użyciu stereoskopu po kolejnych etapach badań zużycia narzędzia. Dodatkowo, w oparciu o wyniki statycznej próby rozciągania oraz badania metalograficzne próbek pobranych ze złączy wykonywanych w trakcie badań zużycia narzędzi, przeprowadzono ocenę wpływu stopnia zużycia narzędzi na jakość wykonanych złączy. Na podstawie analizy wyników można stwierdzić, że zarówno narzędzie wykonane ze stali 1.2344 oraz ze stopu MP159 ulegają intensywnemu, zagrażającemu ich dalszej eksploatacji zużyciu, we współpracy z materiałem zgrzeiny (7075-T6) już po wykonaniu złącza o długości 200m, co świadczy o ich niskiej trwałości. Przy czym zmiany geometrii narzędzia spowodowane zużyciem pozwoliły na nieznaczną poprawę wytrzymałości złączy. Uzyskane wyniki pomiarów zużycia wyznaczają zatem kierunek w procesie dalszej modyfikacji geometrii badanych narzędzi, również z uwagi na fakt, iż pomimo znaczącego zużycia badanych narzędzi, pozwalały one w dalszym ciągu uzyskać dobre jakościowo złącza pozbawione wad. Jak wykazały badania, rodzaj materiału narzędzia wpływa nie tylko na trwałość narzędzi ale również, jak ma to miejsce w przypadku ich geometrii, ma on istotny wpływ na jakość uzyskanych połączeń. Pomimo tego, że narzędzie wykonane ze stopu MP159 uległo większemu zużyciu w porównaniu z narzędziem ze stali 1.2344, to pozwoliło ono uzyskać złącza o znacznie lepszych parametrach wytrzymałościowych.

16

Analysis of the impact of forging and trimming tools wear on the dimension-shape precision of forgings obtained in the process of manufacturing components for the automotive industry

Hawryluk Marek, Kondracki Piotr, Krawczyk Jakub, Rychlik Marcin, Ziemba Jacek

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 3

476--484

EN

The study presents the results of an analysis of the manufacturing process of a yoke-type forging for automotive industry with the use of numerical modelling and 3D scanning techniques, taking into account the gradual wear of both forging tools and trimming to determine the mutual impact of their operation on the dimensional accuracy of the forgings. The performed analysis included the 4 variants which are that have the most common place in the industrial process that is, for a combination of new and partly worn out die inserts (used during hot forging) and new and partly used cutting tools used for cold trimming. The first stage involved modelling of a hot die forging process. Next, the obtained results were implemented into second modelling stage, which involved a simulation of a cold trimming process of a flash, with the use of the normalized Cockcroft-Latham fracture criterion, with the consideration of eliminating the removed elements, for which the cracking value has been exceeded. The obtained results was verified by means of a case study under industrial conditions for the least favourable operating conditions of both types of tools and their impact on the dimension-shape precision of the forgings. These results allowed for a more complete analysis of the trimming process for a variety of operating conditions and the confirmation of the correctness of carried out numerical modelling, and thus the possibility of its use in combination with scanning technique to computer-aided manufacturing processes. The proposed solution allows the selection of optimum conditions for implementation of the processes of forging and trimming because of their use to provide the required net shape forgings.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy procesu wytwarzania odkuwki typu rozwidlonego dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego z wykorzystaniem modelowania numerycznego oraz technik skanowania 3D przy uwzględnieniu sukcesywnego zużywania się zarówno narzędzi do kucia, jak i do okrawania w celu określenia wzajemnego wpływu ich eksploatacji na dokładność wymiarową odkuwek. Przeprowadzona analiza obejmowała 4 warianty najczęściej występujące w procesie przemysłowym, czyli dla kombinacji nowych i częściowo wyeksploatowanych wkładek matrycowych (stosowanych podczas kucia na gorąco) oraz nowych i częściowo zużytych narzędzi okrojczych wykorzystywanych do okrawania na zimno. W pierwszym etapie zamodelowano proces kucia matrycowego na gorąco. Następnie uzyskane wyniki zaimplementowano do drugiego etapu modelowania, w którym zasymulowano proces okrawania na zimno wypływki przy zastosowaniu znormalizowanego kryterium pękania Cockcrofta-Lathama z uwzględnieniem eliminacji elementów, dla których została przekroczona wartość pękania. Uzyskane wyniki zostały zweryfikowane za pomocą studium przypadku w warunkach przemysłowych dla najmniej korzystnych warunków eksploatacji obu rodzajów narzędzi oraz ich wpływu na dokładność wymiarowo-kształtową odkuwki. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na pełniejszą analizę procesu okrawania dla różnych warunków eksploatacyjnych oraz potwierdzenie poprawności przeprowadzonego modelowania numerycznego, a tym samym możliwości jego wykorzystania do komputerowego wspomagania procesów wytwarzania. Zaproponowane rozwiązanie pozwala na wybór optymalnych warunków realizacji procesów kucia i okrawania ze względu na ich eksploatację w celu zapewnienia wymaganej dokładności wymiarowo-kształtowej odkuwek.

17

Wykorzystanie skanera 3D do analizy zużycia matryc do kucia na zimno

Ćwikła A., Tofil A., Włosek N., Gontarz A.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2018

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Vol. 85, nr 7

214--218

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wymiarowych matryc stosowanych w procesie kucia na zimno. Pomiarom poddano trzy narzędzia wycofane z produkcji na skutek pęknięć i zużycia wykroju roboczego. Do pomiarów i porównania z wymiarami nominalnymi użyto skanera optycznego 3D. Opisano zasadę jego działania i możliwości zastosowania do dokładnego określania geometrii narzędzi kuźniczych. Zaprezentowano wyniki pomiaru i na podstawie odchyłek wymiarowych od modelu 3D dokonano analizy przyczyn zużycia matryc. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że wykroje ulegają typowemu mechanizmowi zużycia ściernego, co wpływa na zmianę ich wymiarów i w konsekwencji prowadzi do wycofania narzędzi z produkcji. Stwierdzono również, że bardzo ważne znaczenie w aspekcie powstawania pęknięć ma dokładność wykonania powierzchni zewnętrznych matryc, które współpracują z ich oprawą.

EN

The paper presents the results of dimensional tests of dies used in the cold forging process. Three tools withdrawn from production due to cracks and wear of the working die impression have been measured. A 3D optical scanner has been used to measure and compare with nominal dimensions. The principle of its operation and the possibilities of its use to accurately determine the geometry of forging tools have been described. The results of the measurements have been presented and the reasons for wear of the dies have been analyzed on the basis of dimensional deviations from the 3D model. On the basis of the conducted tests, it has been found that the impressions are subject to a typical abrasive wear mechanism, which affects the change of their dimensions and leads to their withdrawal from production. It was also found that the accuracy of the die external surfaces which work with its frame is very important in crack formation.

18

The Influence of the type of coating on the cutting tool wear during turning of 316L austenitic stainless steel

Maruda R. W., Szczotkarz N.

Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 38

45--49

EN

The paper presents the influence of coatings applied with the use of PVD method on cutting tools on the wear of the tool and compares it with an uncoated P25 cemented carbide plate. During the experiment, two types of TiAlN coatings were used, applied in various proportions, as well as TiN coating. During the tests, the average width of the wear band on the flank face in B VBBzone and the width of KBcrater were monitored. Moreover, the scanning analysis of the tool was conducted in order to determine the intensity of adhesive wear. The lowest values of selected tool wear indicators were found out with the use of TiAlN coating applied in eight layers in the proportions 33/67% -TiN/TiAlN. The scanning analysis proved the highest adhesive wear of the uncoated P25 cemented carbide plate, as well as increased abrasive wear of the flank face and the formation of a crater in comparison with coated plates.

19

Comparison of various tool wear prediction methods during end milling of metal matrix composite

Wiciak M., Twardowski P., Wojciechowski S.

Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 38

1--7

EN

In this paper, the problem of tool wear prediction during milling of hard-to-cut metal matrix composite Duralcan™ was presented. The conducted research involved the measurements of acceleration of vibrations during milling with constant cutting conditions, and evaluation of the flank wear. Subsequently, the analysis of vibrations in time and frequency domain, as well as the correlation of the obtained measures with the tool wear values were conducted. The validation of tool wear diagnosis in relation to selected diagnostic measures was carried out with the use of one variable and two variables regression models, as well as with the application of artificial neural networks (ANN). The comparative analysis of the obtained results enabled the selection of the most effective tool wear prediction method.

20

Problemy zużycia narzędzi w kruszarkach młotkowych stosowanych do produkcji kruszyw

Rutkowski S.

Transport Przemysłowy i Maszyny Robocze

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2017

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Nr 4

45--50

PL

Kuszenie surowców skalnych to podstawowa operaca w procesie ich przetwarzania, w celu pozyskania kruszyw. Bez kruszyw nie istniałoby drogownictwo czy budownictwo. Duże zapotrzebowanie wymusza na producentach systematyczne zwiększanie wydajności. Aby mu sprostać, niezbędne są coraz lepsze urządzenia do wyrobu kruszyw. Są to kruszarki bębnowe, szczękowe oraz przede wszystkim udarowe. Alternatywą w tych kruszarkach dla standardowych młotków, podlegających szybkiemu zużyciu, są młotki napawane twardymi materiatami oraz odlewane metodą warstwową. Wzrost ich żywotności ma istotny wpływ na wydajność produkcji. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości zwiększenia trwałości stosowanych nowych młotków udarowych lub generowania zużytych, z zastosowaniem technologii nawania z użyciem materiałów Capilla. Przedstawiono także metodę wykonywania tych młotków w procesie odlwania warstwowego. Porównano uzyskane wyniki wynikami rozwiązań standardowych.

EN

The process of crushing of natural rock material is one of the main processes that exists after extraction. Without crushed materials, highway or civil engineering development could not be possible in nowadays. High amounts of crushed materials that are required in nowadays enforce high efficiency of machinery; in order to meet high efficiently criteria, better tools for crushed materials production are essential, in this context drum crushers, jaw crushers and finally impact crushers are often utilised. An alternative solutions in such crushers for the standard hammers that often undergo accelerated wear degradation are the hammers that are coated by overlay weld coating and casted by multi-layered casting process. Higher wear resistance plays an important factor in production efficiency as mentioned. In the current study it showed, that higher hardness is possible to achieve on the new crusher hammers or refurbished hammers by overlay weld coating using Capilla materials. In addition in this work, the multi-layer c casting process is presented in details; the results of the performed investigations are compared with the standard solutions on the market.