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Historia zapisana w kamieniu romańskiej kolegiaty pw. św. Marcina w Opatowie

Magiera Janusz, Bromowicz Jan

Przegląd Geologiczny

2023

Vol. 71, nr 1

12--18

Romanesque collegiate church in Opatów (south-eastern Poland) belongs to the best-preserved Early Mediaeval edifices in Poland. Its date of origin, founder, architects and history are still unclear despite numerous investigations carried out since the beginning of the 19 th century. It is clear that local sandstones were used in the construction of the impressive church. Present investigations resulted in the inventory of the stones used as a building material: their petrography, size of blocks and strange holes and striae on some of their surfaces. Dominant sandstones have different colours: white-greyish or grey-brownish. They are built of very fine-grained, well sorted quartz with siliceous-clayey binder. All sandstone blocks have similar heights (most frequent average 34–38 cm), but different lengths. Longer (up to 62 cm) are placed in the oldest parts of the edifice, shorter (up to 48 cm) form younger fragments and might have been reused after destruction of previous undefined buildups. The sandstones represent Lower Jurassic sediments exposed currently on the slopes of the Opatówka River valley in Podole, some 5 km NE of Opatów. Only a few sherry (reddish) sandstone blocks found in various parts of the walls are probably replacements during post-Romanesque reconstructions. They represent Lower Triassic sandstone from Lipowa, 3 km NE of Opatów. Lancetoidal grooves, 5–20 cm long, and hemispherical holes of 1–4 cm in diameter are apparently of anthropogenic origin (apotropaic marks); however, their purpose is unclear. It is supposed that the grooves are traces of tool sharpening or grinding, while the holes are places where sandy or dusty material was acquired for magical or medical purposes.

Kamienie i znaki apotropaiczne w murach romańskich kościołów w Siewierzu i Mokrsku Dolnym

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

2022

Vol. 70, nr 2

91--99

Sacral edifices, in particular churches, no matter an epoch, were created of the most imposing and durable building material, mostly stone, available in the area or imported. Identification of the stone is crucial for conservation and reconstruction. However, in many cases, it is not done properly. Thorough mineral and geological studies on the stones and their provenance are thus strongly advisable. Romanesque churches in Siewierz and Mokrsko have recently been subject to such studies. They are located in different geological regions, which obviously reflected in different stones used for their construction. Church in Siewierz (founded probably at the beginningof the twelfth century) was constructed mainly of well-shaped regular blocks of local “Diplopora” dolomite (Middle Triassic). Only a few (out of a few hundred) blocks represent sandstone. Their provenance is unclear (Carboniferous or Lower Triassic sandstones that occur SW of Siewierz?). Church in Mokrsko (erected probably in the first quarter of the thirteenth century) was originally built of also well-shaped regular blocks of limestone and sandstone. They are: very typical for the area Pińczów (“Lithotamnium”), limestone (Neogene), and Upper Triassic sandstone. The former shows up on the surface a few km E of Mokrsko, the latter occurs ca 10 NE of the site. The distribution of the stones and sizes of the blocks shows some regularity. Bigger and of more uniform size blocks were used in the parts of the buildings located closer to the high altar, it is in the apse of the church in Siewierz and the presbytery in Mokrsko. It seems clearly connected with special attention paid to those parts of the temples. Moreover, resistant sandstone was used more frequently than soft limestone in lower parts of the walls in Mokrsko, more exposed to the action of water raised from the ground. Numerous caverns, holes, and crevices have been spotted on external surfaces of the dolomitic and sandstone blocks. Caverns in the dolomites (in Siewierz) developed naturally, while those in the sandstones (in Mokrsko) have obvious anthropogenic provenance. They are interpreted widely in the literature as apotropaic marks. Here it seems that excavation of stone sand and dust for magic consumption by humans or livestock or(and) ignition of holy fire could be reasons for the scratching and drilling.