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Fotofizyczne podstawy znakowania chemiluminescencyjnego–nowoczesnego narzędzia diagnostyki medycznej

Zadykowicz B., Romanowska A., Pieńkos M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2018

[Z] 72, 11-12

887--906

Increasing exposition of people on the factors which negatively affect health lead to the escalation in the incidence of many diseases. In the same time, this phenomenon causes the intensification in research focusing on new therapeutics but, on the other hand, the development of new diagnostic methods is also essential to facilitate the detection of infections in a human organism. One of the promising immunological diagnostic procedure is the chemiluminescent labeling. The high sensitivity of the method and ease of labeling enables the detection of even trace amounts (femtomole level (10–15 M)) of both extra- and intracorporeal macromolecules, among others, antibodies, antigens, enzymes, hormones, fragments of nucleic acids, pesticides, or antibiotics. The molecules which are capable of efficient chemiluminescence – chemiluminogens – are of crucial importance in the chemiluminescent labels enabling the content determination for the tested biomolecules. These chemiluminogens are subjected to the chemical reaction giving the electron-excited product, which subsequently while returning to the ground state generates the electromagnetic radiation. The chemiluminogens can be both organic and inorganic compounds. In case of the first group, the chemiluminescence process occurs mostly in the liquid phase (chemiluminescence of luminol or acridinium derivatives). However, in case of the second group the chemiluminescence occurs in the gas phase (for example, oxidation of the phosphorus vapour with the atomic oxygen). In the medical, chemical, or environmental analytics the procedures for the determination of macromolecules level, for example, α-fetoproteins, β-d-galactosidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, TSH, FT4, or anti-HIV antibodies, are utilised with chemiluminescent labels mainly based on the acridinium ester derivatives. The present article describes the photophysical aspects of the chemiluminescence phenomenon and one of the most rapidly developing tool for the immunological diagnostics – chemiluminescent labeling. Additionally, the present publication addresses the utilisation of the chemiluminometric methods and the perspectives to expand applications for these methods in the biological and environmental systems within the field of materials technology or biotechnology.