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Współczesna teoria konserwatorska w świetle tekstów doktrynalnych – zmiana paradygmatu

Szmygin Bogusław

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2023

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Nr 75

7--21

PL

Teoria konserwatorska jest formułowana w postaci tzw. tekstów doktrynalnych. Są to krótkie dokumenty, uchwalane przez różne gremia międzynarodowe – organizacje, instytucje, konferencje. Teksty dotyczą zasad i metod postępowania konserwatorskiego w grupach typologicznych zabytków, w krajach i regionach lub normują istotne działania konserwatorskie. Teksty doktrynalne pełnią bardzo ważną rolę, normując działania przy zabytkach. Zmiany tekstów doktrynalnych można traktować jako wykładnię przemian zachodzących w teorii konserwatorskiej – ich analiza pozwala diagnozować aktualny stan teorii. Na podstawie dokumentów została przedstawiona transformacja doktryny konserwatorskiej w kluczowych aspektach – pojęcia dziedzictwa, celów ochrony dziedzictwa, udziału interesariuszy w ochronie zabytków, definiowaniu działań konserwatorskich. Suma przemian zachodzących w każdym z tych obszarów wskazuje, że w ostatnich dekadach dokonała się bardzo głęboka transformacja teorii konserwatorskiej (zmiana paradygmatu).

EN

The conservation theory is formulated in the form of the so-called doctrinal texts. These are short documents, enacted by various international bodies—organizations, institutions, or conferences. The texts deal with the principles and methods of the conservation practice in typological groups of monuments in countries and regions, or normalize important conservation measures. The doctrinal texts play a very important role, normalizing activities at monuments. The changes in doctrinal texts can be regarded as an interpretation of the transformations taking place in the conservation theory—their analysis makes it possible to diagnose the current state of the theory. On the basis of the documents, the transformation of the conservation doctrine in key aspects—the concept of heritage, the goals of the heritage protection, the participation of stakeholders in the heritage protection, the definition of conservation measures—is presented. The sum of the transformations that take place in each of these areas indicates that a very profound transformation of the conservation theory (paradigm shift) has taken place in recent decades.

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A paradigm shift in sustainability: from lines to circles

Morone Piergiuseppe, Yilan Gülşah

Acta Innovations

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2020

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no. 36

5--16

EN

The concept of sustainability is attracting great attention as societies become increasingly aware of the environmental consequences of their actions. One of the most critical challenges that humankind is facing is the scarcity of resources, which are expected to reach their limits in the foreseeable future. Associated with this, there is increasing waste generated as a consequence of rapid growth in the world population (particularly inurban areas) and aparallel rise in global income. To cope with these problems, a linear strategy has been applied to increase efficiency by reducing the use of materials and energy in order to lessen environmental impacts. However, this cradle to grave approach has proven inadequate, due to a lack of attention to several economic and social aspects. A paradigm shift is thus required to re-think and innovate processes (as early as inthe design phase) in such a way that materials and energy are used more effectively within aclosed-loop system. This strategy, known as the cradle to cradle approach, relies on the assumption that everything is aresource for something else since no waste is ever generated in nature. In line with the cradle to cradle approach, the bio-inspired circular economy concept aims at eco-effectiveness, rather than eco-efficiency. While the circular economy has neither a confirmed definition nor a standardized methodology, it nonetheless carries significant importance, since it “is restorative and regenerative by design and aims to keep products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value at all times, distinguishing between technical and biological cycles,” in accordance with the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Despite some controversial opinions that “circles are not spirals, and for growth to occur, spirals with ever-increasing radii are required,” the circular economy concept is taking a central role in the sustainable development debate and, for this reason, deserves attention. The aim of this paper is to shed light on this debate, pointing out the main features of the emerging circular paradigm along with sustainability transition theories and circularity evaluation tools.

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Szkice o zarządzaniu różnorodnością w naukach o zarządzaniu

Gross-Gołacka E.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2018

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z. 117

155--171

PL

Celem badawczym artykułu jest próba przybliżenia wybranych, kluczowych zagadnień – paradygmatów w naukach o zarządzaniu, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem koncepcji zarządzania różnorodnością. Metoda badawcza przyjęta w artykule to krytyczna analiza piśmiennictwa i wnioskowanie. Dokonano analizy koncepcji zarządzania różnorodnością z perspektywy paradygmatu neopozytywistyczno-funkcjonalistyczno-systemowego. Przedstawiono wybrane paradygmaty funkcjonujące w naukach o zarządzaniu z perspektywy zarysu, jaki tworzą one dla koncepcji zarządzania różnorodnością. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono potrzebę formułowania nowych paradygmatów w zarządzaniu w warunkach wykorzystania różnorodnych zasobów ludzkich, z uwzględnieniem aspektu humanizacji zarządzania.

EN

The research objective of this paper is an attempt to approximate selected key issues – paradigms in management sciences with particular emphasis on the concept of diversity management. The research method adopted in the article is critical analysis of the literature and inference. An analysis of the concept of diversity management from the perspective of the neo-positivist-functionalist-system paradigm. Presented are selected functional paradigms in management sciences from the perspective of the outline they form for the concept of diversity management. As a result of the analyzes, it was found the need to formulate new paradigms in management in the conditions of using various human resources, taking into account the aspect of humanization of management.

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Od Orteliusza do OpenStreetMap - przemiana mapy w wielofunkcyjny drogowskaz

Ormeling F.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2009

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T. 41, nr 4

319-329

PL

Artykuł prezentuje ocenę rozwoju w ciągu ostatnich 40 lat kartografii jako dziedziny dotyczącej narzędzi do podejmowania decyzji. W latach 1980. rozwój automatyzacji na gruncie kartografii przeszkodził wykorzystaniu rezultatów badań psychofizycznych. Obecnie ma miejsce podobna sytuacja - rozwój badań funkcjonalności map jest zagrożony przez procesy partycypacji społecznej.

EN

Ortelius collected reliable map material from Europe best cartographers before publishing the first modern atlas in 1570. Since then much has changed and one of the exponents of those changes is the recent OpenStreetMap project, in which volunteers collect topographical information on their own. It is part of achieving a well-mapped society, whereby everyone has access to the spatial information that she needs, anytime and anywhere. The last 40 years saw important paradigm changes in cartography. In 1970 it still meant production omaps, notwithstanding the application of the grammar of graphical language in the presentation of geographic information in the preceding decade. That combination supplied the impetus for a scientific approach to information transfer, based upon empirical research: by comparing what map readers read off a map with what cartographers inserted on it, one could measure the effectiveness of a map design. This played a key role in the development of cartography, because it opened the door for psycho-physical research. It also led to a new definition of cartography in the 1980s, as the production and use of maps. That development was interrupted however by the onset of automation. Gradually it became clear that the computer could do more than only produce maps: once one had stored the spatial information needed to draw maps in the computer, the map contents could be flexibly adapted for various purposes. With the new methods of analysis, the door had opened to geographic information systems. It be-came possible to separate the storage function of the map from the communication function which changed the content of the term cartography once again: now cartography stands for passing on spatial information to support decision making. Simultaneously this process is affected by the democratization of cartography (everyone is now producing her own maps, frequently without sufficient cartographic knowledge). At the same time much cartographical information is no longer publicly available because files are no longer printed but kept in the computer. That has led to the development of Public Participation GIS, an attempt to make GIS techniques and government data files clear and accessible to a broader public, which helps in providing the public with realistic possibilities to share in decision-making. The public is also adapting digital techniques like GeoTagging or mash-ups to its mapping needs and is circum-venting copyright laws by generating freely available geographic data such as for road maps and city maps, as in the OpenStreetMap project. In this same context, atlases and maps are proposed that provide frameworks, within which user-generated data as well as such social digital networks as Web 2.0 and Wiki can be easily integrated. In this way people would be enabled to incorporate information that they consider relevant. But is this consistent with optimal spatial information transfer? Ortelius collected information from the world's best cartographers, and that madę his atlas such a success. So should we now allow atlases to be filled by crowd-surfing processes? Is active civilian participation enough? In my opinion we are running the risk, with cartographic materiał to which anyone and everyone can contribute his own information, that - without exercising professional control over the contents to be added - we are replacing quality by consensus, so that in the long run no one will any longer be able to truły depend on the data.