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1
Content available Mercury content in refuse-derived fuels
EN
The paper presents the results of testing the mercury content in fuels derived from different types of waste. Legal and technical issues related to preventing mercury from getting into the environment are taken into account with respect to refuse-derived fuels used in cement plants. The mercury content in refuse-derived fuels is usually smaller compared to conventional fossil fuels such as coal. For this reason, the requirement imposed on the fuel suppliers that it must not exceed the limit of 0.3 ppm (in dry matter (DM)) seems over-restrictive and unjustified. The paper presents the sources of mercury contamination of waste with attention drawn to the significance of selective waste collection and the need to educate the public in this area. Presented are results of the testing of the mercury content in waste types characterized by a great variation of the parameter depending on the origin of the waste combustible fractions and their possible contact with waste containing mercury. Depending on the fuel origin (ballast from selective collection of waste, residue from mixed municipal waste sorting, bulky waste, car industry waste, sewage sludge), the average content of mercury in the fuels under analysis is included in the range of 0.1–1.15 ppm (DM).
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości rtęci w paliwach z odpadów różnego pochodzenia. Uwzględniono zagadnienia prawne i techniczne związane z ograniczaniem przedostawania się rtęci do środowiska w aspekcie paliw z odpadów wykorzystywanych w cementowniach. W pracy przedstawiono źródła zanieczyszczeń rtęcią odpadów zwracając uwagę na znaczenie selektywnej zbiórki i konieczność edukacji społeczeństwa w tym zakresie. Analiza przebiega według własnej procedury badawczej przy pomocy analizatora rtęci MA-2 firmy Nippon Instruments Corperation. Analizator MA-2 jest przeznaczony do mierzenia zawartości rtęci w próbkach ciekłych, stałych i gazowych, bez konieczności uprzedniej mineralizacji próbek. Granica oznaczania wynosi 0,005 ng Hg. Gazem nośnym jest oczyszczone, suche powietrze. Urządzenie składa się z analizatora rtęci oraz komputera osobistego. Średnia zawartość rtęci w badanych paliwach w zależności od ich pochodzenia: balast z selektywnej zbiórki odpadów, pozostałość po sortowaniu odpadów komunalnych zmieszanych, odpady wielkogabarytowe, odpady z przemysłu samochodowego, osady ściekowe była w zakresie 0,1-1,15 ppm (s.m.). Zaprezentowano wyniki badań zawartości rtęci w paliwach z odpadów, które charakteryzowały się dużą zmiennością tego parametru w zależności od pochodzenia frakcji palnej odpadów i ewentualnego kontaktu z nimi odpadów zawierających rtęć. np. w przypadku odpadów komunalnych zmieszanych i wielkogabarytowych można zauważyć dużo większe wahania tego parametru. W skrajnych przypadkach dyskwalifikuje to te odpady do podania do produkcji paliwa bez specjalnych zabiegów przygotowawczych. Wiąże się to z tym, że do tych odpadów trafiają elementy zawierające rtęć takie jak zużyte świetlówki, baterie, termometry rtęciowe itp., które mieszkańcy niesegregujący odpadów umieszczają w pojemnikach na odpady.
PL
Przedstawiono i porównano rozkład zawartości rtęci w różnych sortymentach węgla kamiennego do celów energetycznych wyprodukowanych w Polsce w 2015 roku. Zmienność zawartości rtęci analizowano w powiązaniu z podstawowymi parametrami jakościowymi węgla, tj. zawartością popiołu i siarki całkowitej. Różnice, zwłaszcza zawartości popiołu, określały stopień wzbogacenia węgla. Stwierdzono stosunkowo duże zróżnicowanie zawartości rtęci w obrębie poszczególnych grup sortymentowych, jak również w węglach produkowanych przez poszczególne kopalnie, niezależnie od stopnia wzbogacenia węgla. W pełni wzbogacone węgle reprezentujące sortymenty grube i średnie charakteryzowały się wyraźnie mniejszą zawartością rtęci niż, w dużym stopniu niewzbogacone, miały. Łącząc zawartości rtęci w poszczególnych grupach sortymentowych z wielkością ich produkcji w poszczególnych kopalniach oszacowano roczny ładunek rtęci w węglu kamiennym do celów energetycznych, który wyniósł w 2015 r. około 5350 kg.
EN
The distribution of mercury content in different hard steam coals size grades produced in Poland in 2015 are presented and discussed. The variability of mercury content was analysed in comparison to the values of basic coal quality parameters, i.e. ash and total sulphur content. The differences, especially in ash, described the degree of coal cleaning. It was shown that relatively huge variability of mercury content characterized both coal in coal size grades groups as well coal from individual collieries not regarding the degree of coal cleaning. Fully cleaned coals, mainly representing coarse and medium coal size grades, were characterized by visibly lower mercury content than mainly raw smalls. Joining mercury content in different coal products (lots) with the coal sale information for individual collieries the annual mercury load for hard steam coal was assessed. It has amounted around 5350 kilograms in 2015.
PL
Dynamika przemian gospodarczych na Śląsku, na obszarach związanych z przemysłem wydobywczym, spowodowała pozostawienie dużej ilości zdegradowanych terenów pogórniczych. Brak informacji na temat stopnia zdegradowania, kluczowych cech ekologicznych, czy często niewyjaśniony status własnościowy powodują, że tereny te są niechętnie zagospodarowywane przez inwestorów. Każdy teren zdegradowany posiada jednak pewien potencjał i jest źródłem nowych możliwości. By móc określić kierunek ponownego wykorzystania konieczne jest dysponowanie bazą wiedzy na ich temat. Tworzony jest model informatycznego systemu wspierania decyzji w wyborze strategii ponownego zagospodarowania pogórniczych terenów zdegradowanych. Model oparty jest na relacyjnej bazie danych, gromadzącej wielokryterialne informacje na temat terenów zdegradowanych, w tym dane środowiskowe identyfikujące zanieczyszczenie gruntów substancjami szkodliwymi oraz niebezpiecznymi, jak np. rtęć. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości rtęci w odpadach górniczych, które deponowano na składowiskach oraz w gruntach leżących na terenach pogórniczych.
EN
The dynamics of economic transformation in Silesia caused that a lot of post-mining areas were left undeveloped in the areas related to the mining industry. Lack of information about the degree of degradation, key ecological features, and often unclear ownership status means, that these areas are managed by investors reluctantly. Each degraded area has some potential and it may be a source of new opportunities. It is necessary to have knowledge about them to determine the direction of re-used. A model of the computer system for decision support in choosing a strategy for redevelopment of post-mining areas is created. Model is based on a relational database which collects information on the multi criteria degraded areas, including environmental data identifying land pollution by harmful substances and hazardous, such as a mercury. The paper presents the results of the mercury content in mining wastes, which were deposited in the landfills and in the soils of post-mining areas.
EN
The paper contains reference literature analysis concerning mercury content in Polish bituminous coal and post-mining waste as well as the impact of mercury content on the environment. The aim of the paper was to determine the occurrence of the risk of contamination of the environment with mercury compounds found in demolition bituminous coal landfills. Mercury, due to its toxic properties has been classified among the most dangerous substances to human health. There are three groups of sources of mercury release into the environment: natural, anthropogenic and remission. Coal mining, its processing and use in the energy sector has the greatest relevance regarding the pollution of the environment with mercury compounds in Poland. A review of reference literature shows that the average content of mercury in Polish bituminous coal varies within a wide range of 41e399 ppb, which is conditional on the origin, age and type of coal. The production of coal has led to a number of facilities in the form of structurally and age-varied landfills, heaps and mining waste dumps. The content of mercury in postmining waste is in the range from approximately 55 to 380 ppb. The problem of environmental contamination with mercury has attracted considerable interest due to the effects that its concentration have in the biosphere. On the basis of the existing data it has been found that the content of mercury in soils in areas degraded by mining and processing of coal is even 10e16 times higher, compared to the geochemical background. It is necessary to conduct research in this area due to the limited results of research on mercury content in deposited waste from the preparation and flotation of Polish bituminous coals and the potential harmful effect of mercury on the environment. The paper is dedicated to the mercury content in waste from the extraction and processing of bituminous coal.
PL
W artykule omówiono badania zawartości rtęci w próbkach pokładowych bruzdowych dokumentacyjnych oraz dwóch grupach produktów handlowych: sortymentach średnich i grubych łącznie (węgiel wzbogacony) oraz w sortymentach innych (węgiel głównie surowy – niewzbogacony). Przeprowadzono poróżniania w celu oceny czy wyniki oznaczeń zawartości rtęci w próbkach pokładowych bruzdowych dokumentacyjnych mogą być wykorzystane do prognozowania wyników zawartości rtęci w węglach handlowych, czyli do oceny zagrożeń środowiskowych (emisje) zużytkowania węgla, jako alternatywy dla bezpośrednich pomiarów emisji rtęci u użytkowników węgla. Możliwości te są ograniczone, a różnice między zawartością rtęci w próbkach bruzdowych dokumentacyjnych, a zawartością rtęci w produktach są nieco inne niż opisane w literaturze, np. dotyczące węgli amerykańskich. Badania są ograniczone do węgla kamiennego do celów energetycznych, wydobywanego w kopalniach Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego.
EN
This paper presents the analyses of mercury content in samples taken from coal seams, so called seam channel samples, for documentary purposes in two groups of coal commercial products (sized coals): pea coals, nuts and cobbles analyzed together (constituting the cleaned coal) and all remaining sized coal products analyzed together (constituting raw coal or only partially cleaned). Comparisons were performed to assess whether the results of mercury content determinations for seam coal samples could be used for prognoses of the results of mercury content determinations for coal products and furthermore for the assessment of the environmental impacts (emission) of coal usage, as the alternative to direct mercury emissions measurements. One can conclude that such prognoses are limited and the differences between the results of determinations of mercury content in coal in seams and in products are different than those described in the literature, for example concerning US coals. The analyses are limited to the steam coal exploited in collieries located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin.
EN
The aim of the work was to evaluate the content of mercury in soils in the immediate vicinity of the southern Krakow ring road with reference to the grain size composition of the samples. Variability of this element was shown depending on the soil fraction, subsequently an analysis was conducted concerning the relationship between the content of the silty clay fraction and mercury content in the soil samples. The study was conducted on samples collected in 2006 and 2012. Soil samples were collected after removing the plant cover, directly from the surface and from two depths of subsurface horizons: 0.4–0.6 m and 0.8–1.0 m below ground level. The observed total mercury content was comparable in all the samples regardless of the grain size composition. The averaged mercury content in the collected samples was around 0.04 mg/kg dry mass. Laboratory studies of soil samples collected in the immediate vicinity of the southern Krakow ring road indicated a great diversity in the mercury content of the individual soil fractions. No matter the time, place and the depth of sampling. The highest mercury content was found in a separate fraction of the finest particles of a diameter of d < 0.063 mm. The mercury content in this fraction of soils range from 0.0274 to 0.1071 mg/kg of dry sample mass. Mercury content in the fraction with the coarsest grain diameter of d > 1.000 mm was much lower. The mercury content of this fraction range from 0.0051 to 0.0397 mg/kg of dry sample mass. It may be assumed, and it is confirmed in literature on the subject, that the larger the particle diameter, the lower the mer- cury content. The presence of clay minerals and organic matter is the primary factor affecting the potential of mercury accumulation in soils. The majority of mercury is undoubtedly associated with the fraction of separate medium- and finest-grained particles with high mercury content. How- ever, in coarse-grained soils the presence of mercury associated with the coarser fractions can not be ignored. Due to a high proportion of sandy fraction in these samples, most mercury is associated with just such a grain size range despite low content in the coarser fractions.
EN
According to literature, intensive use of roads increases the level of soil pollution with individual metals and its extent depends on the type of soil, depth of sampling, and decreases with distance from the road. Supposition of possible soil contamination with mercury in the immediate vicinity of transportation routes results from reported mercury content in crude oil and the observed phenomenon of co-occurrence of mercury and oil-derived substances in soil. This work presents and analyses the results of research on mercury content in the surface layer of soil taken from the immediate vicinity of the southern Krakow ring road. Observations were conducted from 2003–2012 which allowed to show variability of mercury content in the soil over many years. The studies indicated varied distribution of mercury content in the soil, however, mercury content is generally at the same level on both sides of the road. Points with limited exposure to the impact of traffic, i.e. locations elevated above the road and those outside the acoustic screens were excluded from the analysis. Taking into account only the points in heavy traffic impact, slow accumulation of mercury in the top layers of the soil at a depth of 0.4–0.6 m was observed. This was particularly evident in the section of the road from Balice to Swoszowice, which has been located in an area of intense traffic for about 20 years. Average mercury content for all points ranged from 0.025 mg/kg in 2003 to 0.041 mg/kg in 2012. Averaged mercury content in soils from all points collected from other parts of the ring road also showed an upward trend and ranged from 0.026 mg/kg in 2003 to 0.036 mg/kg in 2012. Mercury content in soils collected at points with limited exposure to pollution and at a point with short exposure indicate no fluctuation over the years. Its content is low and is generally from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg in the areas that are not in the vicinity of the traffic. Studies of samples from a slightly greater depth of 0.8–1.0 m do not show any characteristic trend in mercury content in the soil. At this stage, long-term studies of soil in the vicinity of Krakow southern ring road do not allow to formulate conclusions regarding the estimation of the migration rate of mercury compounds in the aeration zone profile. They rather suggest the possibility of slow accumulation in the top layers of soil or very slow migration into the layers. In view of the entire research, it may be said that there are hints pointing to a very slow increase in the mercury content in the areas of long-term impact of heavy traffic. Interpretation of the research results, however, is definitely ambiguous. The observed values may be due to either the impact of heavy traffic, to other industrial factors or to natural heterogeneity of soil.
8
Content available remote Speciation of mercury in coal and sludge combustion flue gases
EN
Because mercury has varying reactivity depending on its speciation, understanding mercury speciation is important in predicting the fates of mercury in combustion flue gases and formulating effective strategy of its control. Mercury speciation was determined in the combustion flue gases of coal and sludge. The extent of mercury oxidation was investigated with respect to changes in fuel properties and combustion conditions such as temperature and concentrations of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Mercury content in the sludge samples was found to be much higher than that in the coal sample. O2 and CO2 concentrations were found to be closely related to Hg oxidation in the flue gases.
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