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EN
The article describes the occurrence of conflicts in logistic project teams on a practical example. The organization of project teams, the selection of members, the role of the team leader and the conflicts between them are briefly described. The occurrence of conflicts in project teams was analyzed and their causes were determined. The conducted practical research confirmed the occurrence of conflicts in groups and showed the possibilities of preventing and eliminating them. The applied methods will allow the company to deal with such conflict situations in the future, and the developed tools will improve the entire process.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje technikę zapobiegania konfliktom – tzw. Porozumienie Bez Przemocy (Nonvilent Communication, NVC), zwane inaczej porozumieniem współczującym. W jaki sposób można wykorzystać je w miejscu pracy? Tam, gdzie spotykają się ludzie, dochodzi do nieporozumień. We wszystkich obszarach naszego funkcjonowania spotykamy się z sytuacjami konfliktowymi. Radzimy sobie z nimi raz lepiej, raz gorzej, czasem potrafi my im zapobiegać, czasem reagujemy, gdy konflikt już wystąpi. A jak wyglądałby świat, gdybyśmy uczyli się komunikować swoje emocje, potrzeby i prośby wprost? Gdybyśmy wszyscy znali zasady nonviolent comunication?
EN
Among the intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) operating in the security environment the key role play two of them: NATO & UN. The interactions between them present an important factor of the efficiency of conflict prevention understood as the process of early warning and preventive reaction relying on constant monitoring and analyzing of the evolution of situation in the areas of risk of armed conflicts or the areas of actually lasting armed conflicts (early warning) and current elaborating and taking up of the preventive actions (preventive reaction) for prevention potential, solution existing or renewal the ended armed conflict. In this range achieve the legally international foundations based on The United Nations Charter and The North Atlantic Treaty require widest, than so far implementation, in order to rate the relations between these two international security subjects, more functional than disfunctional, as there is presently.
EN
Conflict analysis and their management showed that during the past decades its scientific understanding changed from the social sciences to interdisciplinary management fields. Conflicts are examined and defined in their own way by management, psychology, politics, law, economics and other sciences. Solutions of conflicts are an integral part of business negotiations – in negotiations are solved various inconsistencies, conflicts of both negotiating parties. Conflict resolution techniques can change in dependence on the culture of the country. In negotiations with the representatives of other countries is necessary to know the dominating conflict management styles in the relevant country and how it is possible to adjust own behavior. A significant number of modern business negotiations are international, so it is proposal to use mediator in negotiations of another culture who is an individual having the same cultural experience as business partners. In process of preparation for negotiations with other country is necessary to take into account the characteristics of relationships prevailing in that country. This paper reviews the process of conflicts in negotiations and their prevention in the interaction of different cultures. Also this paper analyzes the impact of exchange of information and management of expectations for the prevention of conflicts in the negotiations. In order to manage the expectations of the other side of the negotiations is necessary to find out in the preparation phase the values of partner, and try to manage information in negotiations, understanding the values and the context of the other side of negotiations, in order to form useful for us expectations from the other side, which would help to avoid further conflicts in the negotiating process.
PL
Liczba badań i publikacji naukowych poświęconych zarządzaniu konfliktami znacznie zwiększyła się w ciągu kilkudziesięciu lat. Cechuje się ono interdyscyplinarnym podejściem i konsoliduje wysiłki naukowców z zakresu zarządzania, psychologii, prawa, polityki, ekonomii i innych nauk. Techniki rozwiązywania konfliktów, w tam negocjacje, są uzależnione od kultury otoczenia, w którym mają miejsce. W toku przygotowania do międzynarodowych negocjacji ważne jest więc uwzględnienie kulturowych różnic negocjatorów. Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony problematyce zapobiegania konfliktom w procesie negocjacji partnerów należących do różnych kultur. Omówiono w nim problem wymiany informacji i pokierowania oczekiwaniami negocjatorów w ich wzajemnym dochodzeniu do porozumienia. Wobec nieporozumień lub konfliktów, już na etapie przygotowania do negocjacji należy uważnie ustosunkować się do kulturowych wartości partnera, a w toku negocjacji pomóc mu sprecyzować swoje oczekiwania w odpowiednim kierunku.
EN
The article defines various kinds of peace support operations (PSOs) and presents their place in the allied doctrine to use a military component in peace operations. Then the author discusses basic notions of the operational art connected with peace support operation planning, focusing on the identification problems and analysing the centre of gravity, and mostly on correlation between critical possibilities, critical conditions and critical points of the centre of gravity. To conclude, theoretical considerations are illustrated with the example of “planning tools” from peace support operation in Afghanistan.
7
Content available remote Rola organizacji międzynarodowych w rozwiązywaniu konfliktów zbrojnych
EN
Problems connected with military conflicts and peacekeeping operations correlate with changes in the art of war and influence its evolution. They are presented in four groups of problems and concern subjects like: the character of contemporary military conflicts. The author shows relatively new conflict characteristics, e.g. the brutality of combat actions neglecting international law of war, the collapse of the “base”’ state and dividing the “base” society. He notices the asymmetry feature of military conflicts and in his opinion “every conflict can breed new phenomena and draw new qualities that have not occurred yet” ; the instruments of peace actions resulting from various international organisations' initiatives that concern the UN (Chapter VI and VII of the UN Charter), OSCE, EU, African Union and NATO ; the evolution of peacekeeping operations and art of war. The considerations mentioned above have become the base for determining the evolutionary character of contemporary military conflicts and peacekeeping operations, mainly from the group of the “second generation” operations and connected with the evolution of art of war ; the new phenomenon in peacekeeping operations concerning e.g. establishing the UNSAS system including the Multinational Brigade for Rapid Deployment (SHIRBRIG), Poland’s contribution to creating bilateral units (LITPOLBAT and POLUKRBAT) or developing a new peacekeeping operations’ doctrine. The author presents the catalogue of military operations other than war (defined as ‘beyond war operations’). The ending of theoretical considerations includes the chronology of international strategy for preventing armed conflicts that was undertaken in 1990-2002.
8
EN
Contemporary diplomacy plays an unquestionable role in the process of armed conflicts early prevention, particularly in its pre-conflict stage, so before an armed conflict breaks out. In the traditional meaning, however, the notion of diplomacy is usually associated with government diplomacy, also called official or the first track diplomacy. Apart from discussing the problems mentioned above, the author draws a special attention to the role and significance in conflicts’ early prevention of less known kinds of diplomacy, referred as nongovernmental diplomacy, including multitrack, terrain and multimedia diplomacy. The basic differences between governmental and nongovernmental diplomacy have been pointed out.
9
Content available remote Współczesne operacje wojskowe
EN
Most theoreticians and practicians are convinced that the world, military forces including, enter a new stage, which some call „a break out” and it is the most revolutionary transformation from „the industrial period” which currently finishes in the most industrialised world countries and the beginning of a new one, called „informational”. That means that also forces and operations conducted by them will have to undergo respective transformations. It results from the literature of the problem that future armies will be smaller, equipped with the state of the art technology, informational technology will be its most essential part. It will significantly improve reconnaissance and command, it will increase the range and accuracy of the combat equipment. It will also enable a close co-operation and will ensure appropriate and comprehensive operation protection. The battle field will be more „transparent”. Operations will be carried out onto full depth and in all possible directions. Surprise actions will take place in case of having an informational advantage, where it is important to dispose relevant information in appropriate time. The idea of future operations aims to realise a strategic task and at the same time not to expose to death the lives of either our own people or the enemy. The idea is to be able to co-operate with yesterday’s enemy after the end of combat actions.
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