Stan globalnego ekorozwoju jest na granicy katastrofy i musi być nieskończenie naprawiany, teraz i w przyszłości. W sposób ciągły należy prowadzić badania i oceniać występujące zagrożenia, z którymi należy się zmierzyć. Odnajdzie się w nim zarządzanie zestawem wielu podsystemów, które pracują w zmieniającym się otoczeniu wewnętrznym i zewnętrznym. System organizuje zarządzanie realizacją - budową, minimalizuje się przy tym ewentualne straty, oszczędza czas, kumuluje rezerwy i ogranicza ryzyko. Przedstawia się w ramach zadania inwestycyjnego, wykonanie kompleksowego zadania inwestycyjnego przynoszącego nieobliczalny efekt ekologiczny uzyskany za pomocą termicznej obróbki odpadów, w zmodyfikowanej technologii, dotychczas niespotykany w tej skali.
EN
The state of global ecodevelopment is on the edge of disaster and must be continually improved, now and in the future. The research must be conducted permanently and threats to be faced, must be continually evaluated. It will include the management of a range of multiple systems, which work in the changing internal and external environment. The system organises the management of the execution - the construction, minimising possible losses, saving time, accumulating reserves and limiting risk. Within the investment task a comprehensive investment is presented with a immeasurable ecological effect caused by thermic waste processing in a modified technology, on an unprecedented scale.
Systematycznie spada zainteresowanie firm ubezpieczeniowych sprzedażą polis dla zakładów gospodarki odpadami. Czy ten stan zmieni tworzenie grup zakupowych?
The aim of the research was to identify aerosols of bacterial origin, including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, peptidoglycans and endotoxins in working rooms of waste management facility, which included sorting and composting of municipal waste. Four sampling points were located in the plant: in the pre-sorting cab, in sorting hall at conveyor belts, in the composting bunkers hall, as well as in the front of entrance gate, as a sample of external background. Air samples for the presence of bacteria were collected using a 6-stage Andersen impactor, wherein two types of microbial media were loaded: TSA agar with defibrinated sheep blood for aerobic bacteria and Schaedler's agar for anaerobic bacteria. Air samples for the presence of endotoxins and peptidoglycans were carried out using 8-stage cascade impactor, wherein the glass fiber filters were provided. Biochemical API tests were used for a detailed identification of bacteria. Determination of peptidoglycans was carried out using the SLP test (Silkworm Larvae Plasma) and endotoxin - LAL assay (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate). The results of the quantitative analysis of bioaerosols at the three tested working rooms showed the following geometric mean (GM) concentrations: aerobic bacteria – 4348 cfu/m3 (geometric standard deviation, GSD = 1.14); anaerobic bacteria – 19914 cfu/m3 (GSD = 3.65); endotoxins – 173.6 ng/m3. (GSD = 2.39); peptidoglycans – 1446.6 ng/m3 (GSD = 1.21). Comparative analysis revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) between the concentrations of aerobic bacteria in the working rooms and the external background – 551 cfu/m3. Anaerobic bacteria were the dominant group and accounted for 82% of all identified microorganisms. A total of 22 species of bacteria, belonging to 13 genera was identified in waste management facility. The greatest taxonomic diversity was observed in the sorting area (21 species), composting – 15, while in the background samples – 13 species. Among the identified species, six (Actinomyces israelii, A. meyeri, A. naeslundii, Clostridium perfrin-gens, Proteus vulgaris, and Streptomyces spp. can be treated as potentially harmful to waste workers, as they were classified into the second risk group by the ordinance of Minister of Health from 2005. Analysis of size distributions of bacteria showed that they occurred mostly in the form of single cells with an aerodynamic diameter in the range of 1.1-2.1 µm, and in the range of 4.7-7.0 µm, where the process of aggregation of bacterial cells with organic dust particles takes place. In the case of endotoxins and peptidoglycans we found a gradual increase in the concentrations of particles with aerodynamic diameters in the range of 3.3-11.0 µm. On the basis of the study it can be stated that the working rooms in waste management facility were heavily contaminated with aerosols of bacterial origin. Examination provided the pioneer results for anaerobic bacteria, which were the dominant group. Bacteria that can pose a health risk to exposed workers were also found in the air. The analysis of particle size distribution suggests that the bioaerosols observed in these rooms can accumulate in the middle and upper respiratory tract of employees, causing irritation of the nose and throat.
From the moment of Poland's accession to the EU, we have been obliged to adjust the waste management system to directives issued by the European Community Council. Our waste management has been adjusted to the requirements of the European Union directives. The objective of the paper was to determine: firstly, the amount of the produced mixed municipal waste; secondly the amount of municipal waste collected in a selective manner with the use of collection methods through segregation in the place of their production using two containers located next to each other - one for collective collection of paper, cardboard and plastic and the second for collection of glass; thirdly, the size of recovered secondary raw material such as glass, plastic and paper from mixed municipal waste; fourthly, the amount of containers or plastic bags designated for selective waste collection. For execution of this objective, two establishments using various waste management systems were selected. Research was carried out in Firma Usług Komunalnych [Municiapl Services Company] "Wodnik" in Trzebnica and in Zakład Gospodarki Komunalnej [Municipal Management Establishment] in Gać, which have dealt with municipal waste sorting for many years. The research proved that the plastic bag method is more effective than segregation with the use of containers located in the neighbourhood.
PL
Od momentu wejścia Polski do UE zobowiązani jesteśmy do dostosowania systemu gospodarki odpadami do dyrektyw wydawanych przez Radę Wspólnoty Europejskiej. Nasza gospodarka odpadami została dostosowana do wymogów dyrektyw Unii Europejskiej. Celem pracy było określenie: po pierwsze ilości wytwarzanych odpadów komunalnych zmieszanych, po drugie ilości odpadów komunalnych gromadzonych selektywnie przy wykorzystaniu metod zbiórki poprzez segregację w miejscu ich powstawania stosując dwa kontenery ustawione obok siebie – jeden do łącznego gromadzenia papieru, tektury oraz tworzywa sztucznego a drugi do gromadzenia szkła, po trzecie wielkości odzyskanych surowców wtórnych takich jak szkło, tworzywo sztuczne oraz papier z odpadów komunalnych zmieszanych, po czwarte ilości pojemników lub worków przeznaczonych do selektywnej zbiórki odpadów. Do zrealizowania tego celu wybrano dwa zakłady stosujące różne systemy zagospodarowania odpadów. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w Firmie Usług Komunalnych ,,Wodnik” w Trzebnicy oraz w Zakładzie Gospodarki Komunalnej w Gaci, które od wielu lat zajmują się sortowaniem odpadów komunalnych. Badania dowiodły, że metoda workowa jest efektywniejsza od segregacji za pomocą kontenerów ustawionych w ,,sąsiedztwie”.
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