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Podstawy projektowania zagrodowych oczyszczalni ścieków

Sikorski M., Bauman-Kaszubska H.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

2006

T. 6, z. 1

367-379

W artykule przedstawiono podstawy metodyczne związane z algorytmem wyboru rodzaju oczyszczalni ścieków, a w tym podstawy programowania kanalizacji na wsi i w zagrodach, ogólne zasady postępowania ze ściekami na terenie zagrody, warunki stawiane ściekom bytowo-gospodarczym odprowadzanym z przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków. Uwzględniono również zasady lokalizacji indywidualnych urządzeń wodociągowych i kanalizacyjnych na działce budowlanej w świetle regulacji prawnych oraz charakterystykę ścieków bytowo-gospodarczych w zagrodach wiejskich.

The paper presents methodical bases of selecting sewage-treatment plants, the principles of sewerage design in rural areas and in particular farmsteads, general principles of sewage treatment in farmsteads and environmental standards for treated domestic sewage discharged from the farmstead treatment plants. The rules of location of individual water supply and sewage treatment facilities were considered in view of legal regulations and the characteristics of domestic sewage in farmsteads was discussed.

Rozwiązanie oczyszczania ścieków bytowo-gospodarczych z osad leśnych

Paruch A., Palczyński M., Paluch J., Pulikowski K.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

2002

R. 99, z. 4-Ś

113--122

Domestic sewage discharged from individual houses on the forest area are collected usually into septic tanks. These tanks are made, mostly, of bricks or concrete elements, without seal of joints and bottom. As a result sewage leak out of these places into lower parts of soil profile. Consequently they are a potential threat of pollutants to soil and water. Local sewage pollutants, usually in the direct vincinity of houses, increase a range dynamically due to spreading pollutants with underground water. Solution to the foregoing trouble can be effective sewage treatment in the vicinity of source of sewage excluding: - ecological damages, - high capital-operating outlays, - problems of technical service of sewage treatment plant. It is possible to achieve mentioned above effects on the soil-vegetation treatment plant with PST (periodical subsurface trickling) system. This kind of sewage treatment plant is an innovation project, which is a modification of conventional leach line system. This project was made for a house in Jary Forestry situated in Oborniki Śląskie Forest Division. The detached house is inhabited by two families of forest workers (10 people), who produce about 1,5 m^3 x d^-1 sewage. Component elements of this kind of sewage treatment plant they are: - three-chamber septic tank (can be installed on the terrain or under it, it depends on individual projects of sewage system in houses or local terrain conditions), - the shallow subsurface pipe trickling system (PVC pipe Fi 100 mm) laid on the PVC foil mats with gravel filter in subsurface layer (depth 0,2-0,3 m) soil profile, - Vegetation (trees and shrubbery are recommended) growing on the area of sewage treatment plant, over pipe of PST system, at half-distance between adjoining pipes. Work of sewage treatment plant consist of sewage pre-treatment into the septic tank and then periodical trickling of these in the upper (subsurface) layer of soil on the area covered by trees and shrubbery. In the soil - the upper biological active layer of earth's crust composed of mineral parts, organic substance, water, air and living matter, there is biodegradation of organic pollutants from sewage and vegetation plays a major role in removing these pollutants from soil. As a result the soil-vegetation environment not only treat sevage, but it also use sewage components to build plant biomass. In the first phase of treatment process, sewage are collected in the tight, three-chamber septic tank, made of PVC polythene. There is preliminary decomposition and deactivation of sevage pollutants as well as sedimentation of sewage sludge. In the second phase of treatment process, sewage are overpumped into the pipe trickling system laid in the upper, subsurface layer of the soil. It occurs periodically, by means of automatic pump, which starts to work after filling the third chamber of septic tank. Time of the tank filling depends on total quantity of sewage inflow and it takes 10 days. Time for empting the tank is no longer than 2 hours. Periodical and also short-time flow of sewage through the pipe trickling system makes that it is possible to trickle of sewage evenly over the area of treatment plant, i.e. subsurface, biological active layer of soil. There, all of the organic matter from sewage is exposed to physical, biological and chemical processes, and also metabolic activity of soil microorganisms, which lead to mineralisation of sewage pollutants. Periodical inflow of sewage into the treatment plant creates, proper conditions for both oxygen and water in soil and consequently for proper process of biodegradation in soil environment. Periodical and also short-time flow of sewage through the pipe of PST system not only keeps clear space into the interior of pipes, but it also prevents perforated sections of pipes from silting and clogging up. PVC foil mats (laid under pipes - in the shallow trench 0,5 m in width, and raised to a height of 0,1 m and 0,5 m wide on both sides of trench) - fig. 1, fulfil two major function. The first is to protect the pipes from clogging with roots of vegetations from treatment plant. The second is ton keep and distribute sewage evenly (through gravel filter Fi>2 mm) in the shallow, subsurface layer of the soil profile. Moreover, they are also sealing against direct infiltration of sewage towards deeper parts of soil and underground waters. All PST system is ventilated by means of special "open valves". They are the originally author-design solution, which makes possible to work the treatment plant under unfavourable circumstances, i.e. periodical freezing of sewage into the interior of the pipes due to low temperatures. The "open valves" work automatically (like whole treatment plant) fulfil their double function as ventilation ducts - mostly or ducts for sewage irrigation on the surface area of treatment plant - temporally. Periodical subsurface trickling (PST) system is an innovative and competitive design solution in relation to domestic sewage treatment plants with conventional leach line system. First of all the innovations are: design and technical solutions of structural elements of the treatment plant, periodical sewage outflow from septic tank into the interior of pipes, shallow subsurface system of sewage trickling in the upper biological active layer of soil, and also using water-fertilizer potential of sewage for trees biomass thrive. However, the competitions are: low capital-operating outlays, high efficiency of sewage treatment process, work of treatment plant independently (free of any human intervention) only by sporadic control of automatic work of submerged pump in the third chamber of septic tank. Operation process of sewage treatment plant with PST system based on processes which occur in soil-plant environment and contributed to close matter circulation in nature. Most sewage pollutants are accumulated in the upper layer of soil profile and three is their mineralisation, saturation of soil sorption complex as well as the uptake (bioabsorption) by soil microorganisms, animals and plants. It means that the sewage matter transformation involves natural physical, chemical and biological processes in soil-vegetation environment. These processes are most effective in favourable air-water conditions in the soil. Moreover, air-water balance in the aeration zone of the soil profile contribute to effective bioabsorption by vegetation growing up on the surface area of the treatment plant, and thereby effective removal of sewage pollutants outside soil-water environment. Not only can be this kind of treatment plant useful for individual houses, e.g. forester's houses, but it also can be useful for psarts or whole housing estates situated on the areas excluded from planning strategy of sewerage systems. For the sake of nearly independent (free of any human intervention) of works of this treatment plant, it can be also a solution of sewage problem for parking areas, wayside hotels or inns situated in the forests but far away from built-up (urbanized) areas.