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Zagrożenia zdrowia i życia w środowisku pracy

Obolewicz J.

Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych

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2017

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Nr 3-4

30--35

PL

Człowiek wykonuje pracę w określonym środowisku. Środowisko to wywołuje zagrożenia zarowno dla człowieka, jak i dla środowiska. Czynniki te należy identyfikować i stosować działania profilaktyczne. W artykule scharakteryzowano podstawowe zagrożenia zdrowia i życia w środowisku pracy i zaproponowano sposoby zapobiegania tym zagrożeniom.

EN

A man is doing work in a particular environment. This environment pose threats both to man and the environment. These factors should be identified and preventive measures taken. The article outlines the main threats to health and life in the work environment and suggests ways to prevent these threats.

2

Health impact and noise exposure assessment in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir, India

Manzoor J., Mamta, Rao R. J., Wani K. A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 4

473--478

EN

Aim. The aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate predominant noise sources in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir, India. Methods. Sound levels were measured at operator’s ear level in the working zone of the workers of seven cricket bat factories. The impact assessment was made through personal interviews with each worker separately during their period of rest. Results. On average, 62.5% of the workers reported difficulty in hearing and 24.1% of the workers have become patients for hypertension. Only 58.1% of the workers complained of headache due to high noise level. Conclusions. The workers engaged in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir are exposed to high noise levels. It is suggested that personal protective equipment like ear plugs and ear muffs be used by these workers as a protection against this hazard.

3

Factors affecting the musculoskeletal disorders of workers in the frozen food manufacturing factories in Thailand

Thetkathuek A., Meepradit P., Jaidee W.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 1

49--56

EN

The purpose of this research was to study factors affecting musculoskeletal disorders. The sample population of the study was 528 factory workers from the frozen food industry, as well as a controlled group of 255 office workers. The samples were collected during interviews using the Nordic questionnaire to assess musculoskeletal disorders, and to assess the risk by the rapid upper limb assessment and rapid entire body assessment techniques. The findings of the study were that most symptoms were found in the dissecting department, higher than in the controlled group. The details of the symptoms were, accordingly: elbow pain (adjusted odds ratio, 35.1; 95% CI [17.4, 70.9]). Regarding the risk of alcohol drinking, workers were exposed to more risks when alcohol was consumed. It is suggested that workers’ health should be monitored regularly. People who work in a cold environment should be encouraged to wear body protection and to avoid drinking.

4

Epidemiological and biomechanical evaluation of airline baggage handling

Tafazzol A., Aref S., Mardani M., Haddad O., Parnianpour M.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 2

218--227

EN

Objectives. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are prevalent among airline baggage handlers due to manual materials handling. In this study, the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ), the revised National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equation, and the University of Michigan 3D Static Strength Prediction Program™ (3DSSPP) were used to analyze MSDs among baggage handlers. Methods. The NMQ was filled out by 209 baggage handlers and 46 arbitrarily selected baggage handlers were evaluated using the NIOSH method and 3DSSPP. Results. The obtained results showed that the most common MSDs occurred in the lower back region. The next risky regions included knees, neck, and upper back, respectively. The NIOSH results confirmed that the subjects lifted loads heavier than the permitted limit and their lifting postures were inappropriate. The results of the 3DSSPP also indicated that compression forces exceeded the NIOSH limit in these awkward postures. Conclusions. Relying on this study, holding compulsory ergonomic lifting training courses could be proposed for workers and regulations adjusting an upper limit for maximum baggage weight must be also enacted in order to improve occupational health and prevent the prevalence of increasing MSDs.

5

Selected aspects of absence at work and work-related health problems in Polish enterprises

Pęciłło M.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2015

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Vol. 21, No. 3

268--275

EN

Workers’ working conditions, work-related health problems and sickness absence are interdependent factors. Both workers’ health problems and their absence are adverse events which generate significant costs for both Poland's Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) and employers. Despite the related burdens, it is difficult to assess the number of workers who experience work-related health problems, to indicate the share of those workers who have been unfit for work owing to such disorders and to indicate the types of workers’ disorders which are caused by factors the workers are exposed to in the working environment. This article presents the findings of surveys carried out in selected production and service-providing companies, assessing the scale and nature of work-related health problems and their links with workers’ sickness absence.

6

Risk assessment of oil and gas well drilling activities in Iran – a case study: human factors

Amir-Heidari P, Farahani H., Ebrahemzadih M.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2015

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Vol. 21, No. 3

276--283

EN

Oil and gas well drilling activities are associated with numerous hazards which have the potential to cause injury or harm for people, property and the environment. These hazards are also a threat for the reputation of drilling companies. To prevent accidents and undesired events in drilling operations it is essential to identify, evaluate, assess and control the attendant risks. In this work, a structured methodology is proposed for risk assessment of drilling activities. A case study is performed to identify, analyze and assess the risks arising from human factors in one of the onshore drilling sites in southern Iran. A total of 17 major hazards were identified and analyzed using the proposed methodology. The results showed that the residual risks of 100% of these hazards were in the acceptable or transitional zone, and their levels were expected to be lowered further by proper controls. This structured methodology may also be used in other drilling sites and companies for assessing the risks.

7

Zmienność zagrożeń a wymogi bezpieczeństwa pracy

Krzywański J.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

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2014

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T. 2

147-153

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano przegląd i analizę wybranych regulacji prawnych dotyczących bezpieczeństwa pracy w aspekcie zmienności zagrożeń w środowisku pracy. Celem artykułu jest poddanie dyskusji właściwych sposobów oraz zasad postępowania, pozwalających na zapobieganie sytuacjom awaryjnym.

EN

The paper presents an overview and analysis of the selected regulations concerning work safety associated with the variability of threats in the work environment. The aim of the study is to discuss proper ways and rules allowing for coping with emergencies.

8

Occupational, Personal and Psychosocial Resources for Preventing Persistent Low Back Pain

Melloh M., Salathe C. R., Elfering A., Kaser A., Barz T., Aghayev E., Roder C., Theis J. C.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2013

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Vol. 19, No. 1

29--40

EN

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to identify modifiable protective factors of the progression of acute/subacute low back pain (LBP) to the persistent state at an early stage to reduce the socioeconomic burden of persistent LBP. Patients attending a health practitioner for acute/subacute LBP were assessed at baseline addressing occupational, personal and psychosocial factors, and followed up over 12 weeks. Pearson correlations were calculated between these baseline factors and the presence of nonpersistent LBP at 12-week follow-up. For those factors found to be significant, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. The final 3-predictor model included job satisfaction, mental health and social support. The accuracy of the model was 72%, with 81% of nonpersistent and 60% of persistent LBP patients correctly identified. Further research is necessary to confirm the role of different types of social support regarding their prognostic influence on the development of persistent LBP.

9

Zagrożenia mikrobiologiczne na stanowiskach pracy w archiwach i bibliotekach

Skóra J., Gutarowska B., Pietrzak K.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2013

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nr 6

22-24

PL

Ocena zanieczyszczenia drobnoustrojami w archiwach i bibliotekach jest niezbędna w profilaktyce zagrożeń mikrobiologicznych dla trwałości zbiorów oraz zdrowia pracowników. Celem badań było określenie poziomu i rodzaju zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego w wybranych pomieszczeniach archiwalnych i bibliotecznych. Ponadto dokonano klasyfikacji grzybów ze względu na potencjalną szkodliwość dla pracowników. Przeprowadzone badania ilościowe wykazały zróżnicowaną liczbę drobnoustrojów w powietrzu archiwów i bibliotek w zależności od specyfiki pomieszczenia i rodzaju przechowywanych zbiorów.

EN

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of microbial contamination from archives and libraries is essential in preventing microbiological hazards for the durability of collections and personnel’s health. The aim of this study was to determine the level and type of microbial contamination of the air and on surfaces m selected archives and library premises. Moreover, isolated fungi were classified due to potential harm for personnel. The study quantitatively showed different numbers of microorganisms in the air in archives and libraries, depending on the specific type of room and collections.

10

Ocena wdrożenia postanowień dyrektywy unijnej dotyczącej bhp na stanowiskach pracy wyposażonych w monitory ekranowe

Wolska A., Najmiec A.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2013

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nr 1

16-19

PL

W arlykule są przedstawione wybrane wyniki badań dotyczących skutków implementacji dyrektywy 90/270/EWG w sprawie minimalnych wymagań w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa i ochrony zdrowia przy pracy z urządzeniami wyposażonymi w monitory ekranowe w Polsce W badaniach oceniono świadomość pracodawców i pracowników w zakresie wymagań dyrektywy i jej praktycznego przełożenia na występujące warunki pracy, skutki zdrowotne i rachunek ekonomiczny (koszty-korzyści). Dokonana ocena była również podstawą do określenia głównych nieprawidłowości praktycznego wdrożenia dyrektywy.

EN

This article presents selected results of a study on the effects of the implementation of Directive 90/270/EEC on the minimum safety and health requirernents for work with display screen eguipment in Poland. The study looked at the awareness of employers and employees in the area of the requirements of the directive, and its practical influence on working conditions, health, and cost and benefits. The study was also a basis for identifying the main deficiencies in the practical implementation of the directive.

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Ciecze chłodząco-smarujące jako źródło czynników biologicznych zagrażających zdrowiu pracowników

Lewandowski R.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2013

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nr 4

5-7

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problem niekorzystnego wpływu czynników biologicznych występujących w cieczach obróbczych na zdrowie pracowników. Stosowanie podczas obróbki mechanicznej cieczy o właściwościach chłodząco-smarujących ma na celu zmniejszenie zużycia narzędzi obróbczych, poprawę jakości wykończenia obrabianego materiału oraz ochronę przed korozją. Badania mikrobiologiczne wykazały obecność w próbkach cieczy obróbczych różnych drobnoustrojów: bakterii, grzybów i drożdży. W ostatnich kilkunastu latach podejmowane są, próby udowodnienia wpływu określonych czynników biologicznych obecnych w cieczach obróbczych na występowanie różnych chorób zawodowych u pracowników zatrudnionych przy obróbce mechanicznej. Są to głównie choroby układu oddechowego, a wśród nich najczęściej opisywane jest alergiczne zewnątrz pochodne zapalenie pęcherzyków płucnych U osób z potwierdzonym narażeniem na aerozole cieczy obróbczych choroba ta określana jest terminem "płuco operatorów maszyn".

EN

This paper discusses the adverse effects on workers' health of biological agents present m metalworking fluids. Those fluids are used in machining to reduce the wear of machining tools, improve the quality of the machining material and protect against corrosion. Microbiological examination of samples of metalworking fluids revealed the presence of various microorganisms: bacteria, fungi and yeasts. In the past few years, there have been attempts to prove the impact of the biological agents m metalworking fluids on the presence of various diseases m workers engaged in machining These are mainly respiratory diseases, with hypersensitivity pneumonitis the most commonly reported one The disease diagnosed in patients with confirmed exposure to metalworking fluid aerosols is known as the "machine operator's lung".

12

Substancje działające szkodliwie na rozrodczość : zagrożenia, narażenie, uregulowania prawne

Miranowicz-Dzierżawska K.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2012

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nr 12

11-15

PL

W środowisku pracy występują różne zagrożenia wpływające szkodliwie na rozrodczość, które są związane ze związkami chemicznymi, czynnikami fizycznymi, biologicznymi, ergonomicznymi i innymi. W artykule omówiono aspekty problemu związane z zagrożeniami chemicznymi, które stanowią poważne zagrożenie z powodu dużej różnorodności i częstości ich występowania.

EN

In most workplaces, there are various hazards that can adversely affect reproduction.Those substances are often associated with chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic and others factors. This article discusses aspects of this problem associated with chemical hazards which pose a serious risk because of their variety and rate of occurrence.

13

Pole magnetyczne wytwarzane przez wyposażenie elektroenergetyczne w budynkach - zalecenia profilaktyczne dotyczące ograniczenia narażenia długotrwałego

Gryz K., Karpowicz J., Zradziński P.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2011

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nr 5

16-19

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problematykę zagrożeń elektromagnetycznych występujących w budynkach z wyposażeniem elektroenergetycznym (stacje transformatorowe, rozbudowane instalacje zasilające) w aspekcie wyników badań dotyczących skutków narażenia ludności na pole magnetyczne małych częstotliwości. Scharakteryzowano poziomy pola elektromagnetycznego oraz zaprezentowano metody jego ograniczania w otoczeniu elektroenergetycznego wyposażenia budynków.

EN

This paper discusses electromagnetic hazards caused by electrical power equipment in buildings (transformer stations, extended power supplying installations) in relation to results of studies on public exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields. It presents the level of the electromagnetic field and measures for reducing it in the vicinity of electrical power equipment.

14

A Comparison of Three Observational Techniques for Assessing Postural Loads in Industry

Kee D., Karwowski W.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2007

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Vol. 13, No. 1

3--14

EN

This study aims to compare 3 observational techniques for assessing postural load, namely, OWAS, RULA, and REBA. The comparison was based on the evaluation results generated by the classification techniques using 301 working postures. All postures were sampled from the iron and steel, electronics, automotive, and chemical industries, and a general hospital. While only about 21% of the 301 postures were classified at the action category/level 3 or 4 by both OWAS and REBA, about 56% of the postures were classified into action level 3 or 4 by RULA. The inter-method reliability for postural load category between OWAS and RULA was just 29.2%, and the reliability between RULA and REBA was 48.2%. These results showed that compared to RULA, OWAS, and REBA generally underestimated postural loads for the analyzed postures, irrespective of industry, work type, and whether or not the body postures were in a balanced state.

15

The BG Measurement System for Hazardous Substances (BGMG) and the Exposure Database of Hazardous Substances (MEGA)

Gabriel S.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2006

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Vol. 12, No. 1

101--104

EN

German employers’ liability insurance associations or Berufsgenossenschaften (BGs)—institutions for statutory accident insurance—maintain a measurement system for hazardous substances, the so-called BGMG. The aim of the BGMG is to determine and document valid results of measurements of exposure primarily for prevention purposes. The data are collected systematically, in parallel to the sampling in a company. Parameters which are supposed to have a visible effect on exposure levels are documented. The MEGA database (documentation of measurement data relating to workplace exposure to hazardous substances) holds 1,629 million measurement values, which have been compiled in since 1972. The database offers a host of selection possibilities for assessments depending on the evaluation strategy.

16

RD50 Value as the Criterion for Setting Maximum Admissible Levels of Occupational Exposure to Irritants in Poland

Kupczewska-Dobecka M., Soćko R., Czerczak S.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2006

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Vol. 12, No. 1

95--99

EN

The aim of this work is to analyse Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) values proposed for irritants by the Group of Experts for Chemical Agents in Poland, based on the RD50 value. In 1994–2004, MAC values for irritants based on the RD50 value were set for 17 chemicals. For the purpose of the analysis, 1/10 RD50, 1/100 RD50 and the MAC/RD50 ratio were calculated. The determined MAC values are within the 0.01–0.09 RD50 range. The RD50 value is a good rough criterion to set MAC values for irritants and it makes it possible to estimate quickly admissible exposure levels. It has become clear that, in some cases, simple setting the MAC value for an irritant at the level of 0.03 RD50 may be insufficient to determine precisely the possible hazard to workers’ health. Other available toxicological data, such as NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) and LOAEL (Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level), should always be considered as well.

17

Occupational Exposure to Power Frequency Fields in Some Electrical Transformation Stations in Romania

Goiceanu C., Danulescu R.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2006

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Vol. 12, No. 2

149--153

EN

The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of electric and magnetic power frequency fields at 8 electrical transformation stations in the North-East counties of Romania and to check their compliance with standards Spot measurements were carried out on both electric and magnetic fields under overhead conductors of 110-, 220- and 380-kV installations. The magnetic field levels were several orders of magnitude below the reference level for occupational exposure set by ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation) or by Romanian regulations. In contrast, the electric field levels were about the same order of magnitude as the reference levels. In 2 electrical stations the reference level of 10 kV/m was exceeded at specific locations within the outdoor installations area. However, the additional reference level for short-time exposure included in Romanian regulations, 30 kV/m, was not exceeded.

18

Injury Risk in Behind Armor Blunt Thoracic Trauma

Bass C. R., Salzar R. S., Lucas C. R., Davis M., Donnellan L., Folk B., Sanderson E., Waclawik S.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2006

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Vol. 12, No. 4

429--442

EN

First responders and military personnel are particularly susceptible to behind armor blunt thoracic trauma in occupational scenarios. The objective of this study was to develop an armored thorax injury risk criterion for short duration ballistic impacts. 9 cadavers and 2 anthropomorphic test dummies (AUSMAN and NIJ 0101.04 surrogate) were tested over a range of velocities encompassing low severity impacts, medium severity impacts, and high severity impacts based upon risk of sternal fracture. Thoracic injuries ranged from minor skin abrasions (abbreviated injury scale [AIS] 1) to severe sternal fractures (AIS 3+) and were well correlated with impact velocity and bone mineral density. 8 male cadavers were used in the injury risk criterion development. A 50% risk of AIS 3+ injury corresponded to a peak impact force of 24,900 ± 1,400 N. The AUSMAN impact force correlated strongly with impact velocity. Recommendations to improve the biofidelity of the AUSMAN include implementing more realistic viscera and decreasing the skin thickness.

19

Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to a Magnetic Field From Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices

Karpowicz J., Gryz K.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2006

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Vol. 12, No. 2

155--167

EN

Health care staff who operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices are exposed to a static magnetic field of significant spatial heterogenity always produced by MRI magnets during the whole shift. They can also be exposed to pulses of a time-varying magnetic field (gradient field) present only during patients’ examinations. The level of the workers’ exposure depends both on the type of the magnet and on the ergonomic design of each MRI device. The paper presents methods used for measuring and assessing workers’ exposure. It also discusses the results of inspection measurements carried out next to approximately 20 MRI devices of approximately 0.2–2.0 T. The presented characteristic and overview of the variability of workers’ exposure to a variety of MRI devices supports the need for data on monitoring occupational exposure to MRI. International exposure assessment standards and guidelines (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection [ICNIRP], Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE], American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists [ACGIH], European Commission directive), and those established in Poland are also compared.

20

Electromagnetic Fields: Principles of Exposure Mitigation

Falsaperla R., Spagnoli G., Rossi P.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2006

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Vol. 12, No. 2

195--200

EN

Basic principles of reducing exposure to electromagnetic fields are reviewed in this article. Measures to reduce exposure can be divided into organisational/administrative and technical/engineering actions. Both strategies are briefly analysed and the basic principles of the theory of shielding are presented. A definition of shielding effectiveness (SE) is given, and the results from the general Transmission Lines Theory are presented. Practical situations of shielding static and time-varying electric and magnetic fields are discussed on the basis of the physical properties of the fields and of the shield.