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Ocena aktualnej sytuacji w zaopatrzeniu w wodę w Polsce na tle sytuacji w świecie

Kuczyński W., Żuchowicki W.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2010

Tom 12

419-465

Powierzchnia naszej planety w ponad 70% pokryta jest wodą, przez co stwarza się wrażenie o powszechnej obfitości wody na Ziemi. Jednakże dla oceny zależności naszego bytu od zasobów wodnych jest istotna dostępna ilość świeżej (słodkiej) wody. 97,5% wszystkich zasobów wód na Ziemi stanowią wody słone oceanów, mórz, części jezior i wód podziemnych. Zasoby wody świeżej stanowią więc zaledwie 2,5% światowych zasobów i w prawie 70% występują one w zlodowaceniach Antarktydy, Grenlandii, obszaru Bieguna Północnego i w wyższych partiach gór. Stąd też ilość świeżej wody, dostępna dla ludności do bezpośredniego spożycia stanowi mniej niż 1% światowych zasobów (0,7%) [1, 8, 10, 13, 19, 33, 76].

The commonly held belief that there is widespread abundance of water on Earth, is grossly exaggerated. It comes from the fact that 70% of our planet is covered with water. However, the amount of accessible fresh water to satisfy our living needs constitutes less than 1% of world resources. Moreover, only this amount of water is regularly renewed by the ecosystem in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Water resources vary depending on the region: Middle East and South Affrica - 1000 m3 per person per year, Poland - 1460, Europe - 4560, World-7400, Central America - 23 900. Regions particularly deficient in water resources are the Middle East, South Africa, Poland and a number of regions in Europe. This inequality in accessibility of fresh water resources leads to a lot of cross-border tension and conflicts. According to the UNESCO report this situation may lead to many wars over water in the near future and may pose a threat to world peace. The Framework of the UE Water Directives from 2000 obligates membership countries to ensure that by 2010 they have implemented balanced policies concerning water consumption. The arrangements of the EU Water Directives were implemented in Poland in 2001 under The Water Law Act. During the 20th century the world population increased almost three times, whereas water consumption increased sevenfold. According to the statistics of the UN from 2001 the world population will increase from 6.8 billion at present to 9.8 billion by 2050. At the same time, according to the most optimistic prognosis the population in Poland will decrease from 38.5 to 36.6 million accordingly, and by the most pessimistic prognosis to 29.6 million. Simultaneously, a very unfavorable change in the structure of Poland's population will take place as a result of the process of ageing. The WHO and UNICEF estimates from 2004 state that 1.1 billion of the world population did not have any access to fresh water. At the same time 2.6 billion did not have proper sanitary conditions. It resulted in 5 million deaths per annum. Daily water consumption per capita in the most developed countries was equal to monthly water consumption per capita in the economically underdeveloped countries. It has been commonly agreed that water should be considered as a universally accessible natural resource. The poorest who cannot afford to pay for water consumption should be subsidized. The population of our planet will have a chance of surviving, providing people learn how to live without wasting water resources and how to manage them rationally and economically. Water safety should be given the same recognition and priority as electrical safety.