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Własność złóż kopalin a kryterium społeczno-gospodarczego przeznaczenia gruntu w prawie polskim

Kowal Dominik

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 10

770--779

EN

The regulation of the ownership of mineral deposits by the legislator in Art. 10 of the Geological and Mining Law Act does not clearly indicate when a mineral deposit may be taken over the ownership of the land. The answer is to be found in Art. 143 of the Civil Code and the general clause contained in it, the criterion of socio-economic purpose of the land property. It determines the boundaries of the land property and the scope of permitted interference by the owner into the land. At the same time, this clause is ambiguous and not defined by law. This solution, although it raises some controversy, leaves some flexibility in its application in practice, although it means that the burden of interpreting the above-mentioned general clause has been shifted to the legal doctrine and case law of the courts. On the other hand, its definition allows for the identification of a mineral deposit that may be owned by the owner of the latter. The analysis of the available literature and jurisprudence allows for the emergence of certain trendsin this matter. The theses remain valid: the recognition of opencast mining as constituent parts of real estate and the opposite thesis that this interpretation cannot be applied automatically and indiscriminately. Above all, the thesis of the Supreme Court stands out against the background of the others, which indicates the designations of the criterion of the socio-economic use of land. It gives a full answer, indicating that the delimitation of the real estate boundaries taking into account the above-mentioned criterion should be made each time for a specific real estate, taking into account its location, destination in the localplan orthestudy and the way in which the owner intends to use it in accordance with the law (judgment V CSK 200/14).

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Komisja Zasobów Kopalin : 70 lat działalności. Stare problemy i nowe wyzwania w gospodarce obiegu zamkniętego i wobec wymagań międzynarodowych

Nieć Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 3

210--220

EN

Commission on Mineral Resources, active for 70 years, was erected in 1951 as a “governmental body for approval of mineral resources evaluations”. The fields of their interest are: checking geological reports on mineral resources and related to mineral resources management, presentation of legal acts proposals related to mineral resources and opinions on such acts, participation in mineral policy formulation, and promotion of“ good practice” in exploration and reporting of mineral resources. The mode and rules of mineral resources reporting developed in 1952 are used up to date with minor corrections. It was formulated prior to the comparable JORC Code and PRMS introduced at the end of the 20th century. Their presentation as a legal act restrained innovative approaches. Since 1991, previous“ instructions” have been replaced by general exigencies presented in the ordonnance of the Ministry of Environment on mineral resources reporting and by published guidelines for preparation of related reports. During the period of “central planned economy” the approval of a geological report with presented resources data was the base for a mining investment decision based on evaluation of economically recoverable “balance resources”. After 1990, the delimitation of mineral resources was introduced based on mining experience, followed by reserves evaluation. At the beginning of Commission activity, it was responsible for evaluation of demands for mineral commodities mining development. The Commission has presented also numerous opinions and suggestions on governmental mineral policy, improvement of mineral resources selfguarding and reasonable recovery. The important activity of the Commission is promotion of“ good practice” in exploration and resources reporting by organizing yearly “Seminars”. Still existing problems are: more close correlation of geological data and mineral resources reporting with mine planning, management and exploitation exigencies, as well as evaluation of accuracy of mineral exploration results and resources data. The new challenges are mineral resources reporting in the framework of “circular economy” and waste-less production, and final harmonization of the Polish rules of resources reporting with international exigencies.

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SUEZ – Komputerowy System Udostępniania i Ewidencji Danych o Złożach Surowców Mineralnych w Polsce w latach 70. i 80. XX w.

Szczygielski Wojciech

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 8

493--501

EN

The article describes the SUEZ- a former system of the disclosure and recording of data on mineral resources deposits in Poland (the name has been used since 1977), which was started in 1974 to collect and process information on mineral deposits. Its founder was the Research and Development Center for Geologic Technology (OBRTG) in Warsaw, which was subordinate to the Central Geology Office (CUG). The system was running on a 16 bit Eclipse C/300 (Data General, USA) third-generation computer The collected information was used by administration, companies and research centres. In 1976-1989, SUEZ was used to calculate and compile data for the balance of mineral resources in Poland. At the end of the 1980s, these tasks were taken over by the MIDAS computer system (MIDAS System of management and protection of mineral resources in Poland, PIG-PIB Warsaw). The history of the SUEZ system is presented, the computer hardware on which it worked, the system architecture and the methodology for data collection are characterised. The article discribles its functions and application.

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Informacja przestrzenna bazy MIDAS : gromadzenie, udostępnianie i obszary zastosowań

Fabiańczyk Joanna, Hodbod Marta, Woroszkiewicz Michał

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 8

502--513

EN

Fulfilling the role of the state geological survey (SGS), the PGI-NRI collects and processes information on the documented raw materials deposits, mining areas, and mining counties. The information sources include geological documentations of raw materials deposits and documents of mining areas and mining counties sent to the PGI-NRI by the concession authorities. The information is made available for wide public through the web services and applications. The data is available mainly on the website of the System of management and protection of mineral resources in Poland MIDAS. The system is the base for preparing the annual publication “The balance of mineral resources deposits in Poland”. Particularly noteworthy is the spatial information published up to date in the ready-map compositions (MIDAS map compositions, Geology map portal, GeoLOG mobile application), by the web services (WMS, WFS) and in the vector form in the popular shape file format. The article presents also the possibilities of further using, processing and analyzing of data. Moreover, the importance of such data for the implementation of public administration tasks, i.e. in the land-use planning process, raw materials policy on the country level, and as the support for other decision-making processes, is also discussed. The article also stresses the importance of the information resource as a valuable data source for investors, higher educational institutions, or scientific and research institutes.

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Ewolucja metodologii, zakresu i znaczenia Bilansu Perspektywicznych Zasobów Kopalin Polski

Szamałek Krzysztof, Szuflicki Marcin, Górska Irena, Zglinicki Karol, Mazurek Sławomir

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 8

482--492

EN

For 60 years, the Polish Geological Institute as a geological survey has been preparing special studies on prospective mineral resources. During this time the title, form, content, model of presented data have been changed. Currently, the study is edited as “Balance of Prospective Mineral Resources of Poland”. The knowledge about mineral resources has a fundamental importance for the national mineral security and rational decisions concerning the country’s economic strategy. The authors present the evolution of methodology, scope and significance of the “Balance...”. The last edition of “Balance...” in 2020 is a comprehensive scientific monograph (citing over 1700 published and unpublished sources) containing information about over 50 major minerals, as well as marine minerals from Baltic Sea.

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Ochrona złóż kopalin : wybrane zagadnienia

Murzydło Jacek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 12

861--868

EN

The aim of the article is to analyze and indicate the basic principles of protecting mineral deposits at the stage of their exploitation. Despite the successively decreasing resources of mineral deposits and the increasing importance of environmental protection, not all aspects of the protection of these deposits have been transparently regulated by law, an example of which may be terms that appear therein which do not have legal definitions, such as rational mining and management of minerals or comprehensive mining and development of a mineral. The article introduces the essence of the mineral deposit, the regulations on the protection of mineral deposits contained in the Environmental Protection Law and the Geological and Mining Law, as well as the related obligations of entrepreneurs engaged in the extraction of minerals from deposits.

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Ryzyko fazy inwestycyjnej projektu górniczego a metoda DCF

Uberman Robert

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2020

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Nr 1

48--53

PL

Prezentowany artykuł zawiera analizę adekwatności standardowych metod oceny ryzyka projektów wypracowanych w nauce finansów do oceny ryzyka fazy inwestycyjnej projektu górniczego. Wskazuje, że w przypadku zagospodarowywania złoża faza inwestycyjna obejmuje często kilka lat i charakteryzuje się nie tylko innymi czynnikami ryzyka niż faza operacyjna, ale wręcz inną fundamentalną jego charakterystyką. W konsekwencji stosowana wprost metoda DCF może prowadzić do błędnych decyzji.

EN

The article presents an analysis of the usefuleness of the standard methods of project risk valuation developed by financial science for the risk valuation of the investment stage of mineral deposit development. The analysis points out that in the case of deposit development the investment stage often takes several years and is marked not only by different risk factors than the operational stage but even different fundamental characteristics. As a result the DCF method applied directly may lead to wrong desicions.

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Cele harmonizacji klasyfikacji zasobów złóż kopalin stałych

Saługa P. W., Uberman R., Mazurek S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 6

353--360

EN

There are a few substantially different regulations regarding reporting ofmineral resources, which shall be followed as a result of law in force or recommendations issued by a recognized professional association. Some of them have already undergone a successful harmonization process while the remaining is subjected to intensive efforts. Majority of published papers are based on implicated assumption that harmonization is a legitimate goal on its own and does not require any justification. This article is dedicated to fulfil this gap by identifying goals of harmonization of selected mineral resources reporting systems to be applied in areas of financial markets and national accounts. In addition, a few issues, not addressed by any of existing classifications but important for their proper application, are pointed out. The intent was to contribute to the body of harmonization efforts by indicating specific objectives, especially those that could be applied in legal regulations.

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Złoże - kopalina - surowiec mineralny. Podstawowe terminy geologii gospodarczo-złożowej i potrzeba ich uwzględnienia w przepisach prawa geologicznego i górniczego

Nieć M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 8

672-678

EN

The terms mineral deposit, mineral commodity, mineral raw material are the basic as in economic geology as in geological and mining law. They are not however univocally defined and often influenced by actual legislative exigencies. The uniform terminology was proposed. Mineral commodity - any rock or rock constituent derived from it during mining, or confined to it liquid or gas, which exploited in natural state or after processing became mineral raw material. Mineral raw materials - products of mineral deposit exploitation; mineral substances detached from its natural place of occurrence, and prepared for utilization. Mineral deposit - natural accumulation of mineral substances – mineral commodity - which exploitation is possible and may be economically justified. Accompanying mineral commodity - natural accumulation of low value mineral commodity within or close to the deposit of other one (considered main or principal), which exploitation is possible and may be economically justified if principal commodity is mined. Anthropogenic deposit - man made accumulation of mineral substances which directly or after processing may be utilized as mineral raw material.

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Transport cząstek koloidalnych z zaadsorbowanymi jonami arsenu przez mineralne złoże porowate

Wróbel I., Polowczyk I., Sadowski Z.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2009

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Tom 11

1119-1130

PL

Obecność odpadów przemysłowych w środowisku naturalnym staje się coraz bardziej zauważalnym problemem w ochronie środowiska. Za główne źródło ich powstawania, uważa się przemysł wydobywczy i przetwórstwa kopalin. W wyniku prowadzenia procesów wzbogacania, bądź procesów hutniczych, powstają odpady deponowane na hałdach, które w znaczący sposób przyczyniają się do zanieczyszczeń wód gruntowych. Dzieje się tak w wyniku transportu trudno rozpuszczalnych zanieczyszczeń przez naturalny polimineralny ośrodek porowaty. Zjawisko to zostało zaliczone do głównych procesów mających istotny wpływ na zanieczyszczanie wód gruntowych.

EN

The storage of insecure industrial waste, descended from mining and metallurgical industry, has an influence on the pollution of a ground and groundwater. It is a result of migration of toxic substances into the bed of soli. The weathering processes and hydrodynamic changes in soil causes the colloidal particles formation, which are effective contaminations carriers through mineral porous media. In this paper transport of colloidal particles: synthetic hematite and natural kaolin has been investigated. The porous medias were waste from both Szklary and Złoty Stok heaps. The aim of this work is to inspect the influence of arsenate ions on the behaviour of colloidal particles in porous bed. The investigations were conducted in two ionic strengths: 5ź10-3 M KCl and 5ź10-4 M KCl, at pH 9.2-11.6. Results showed that transport of colloidal hematite was facilitated, when arsenic ions were adsorbed onto the colloid particles. Additionally, the increase of mobility of hematite was caused by a decrease of ionic strength. In the case of kaolin transport, the results showed an increase of kaolin particles migration without arsenic ions. These behaviour of colloidal kaolin particles into mineral bed isexplained by different surface property of kaolin particles. Results of examinations on colloidal particles of hematite and kaolin transport through column with mineral bed show, that examined mobility is conditioned with physico-chemical proprieties of colloidal particles and materials of porous bed. Studied colloids, can influence pollution of underground waters in the areas of storing of studied industrial wastes. Results of conducted measurements show, that the process of examined colloidal particles transport is influenced by presence of adsorbed arsenic ions. It is the most perceptible phenomenon in the case of the colloidal hematite, particularly for porous medium built from materials taken from the southern side of heap in Szklary and heap in Złot Stok. Additionally, influence of ion strength on quantity of transported colloidal particles through the layer of porous mineral medium was observed. When ion strength was decreasing, the thickness of the double electric layer increases on colloidal particles. It has impact on decrease of attracting interactions among particles of colloid, and also between colloidal particle and grain of mineral bed. The opposite case was noted during investigations on transportation of colloidal particles of kaolin. Adsorption of arsenic ions by particles of kaolin causes decrease of their mobility. This causes stopping of migration of arsenic ions to underground waters. The similar result is obtained when ion strength is enlarged.

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Wpływ poziomu fluorków na reakcje liści i igieł drzew miasta Poznania i okolic

Gramowska H., Siepak J.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2002

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Tom 4

455-478

PL

Fluor jest pierwiastkiem szeroko rozpowszechnionym i zajmuje 13 miejsce pod względem występowania w przyrodzie. W postaci fluorków występuje we wszystkich komponentach środowiska: wodzie, glebie, powietrzu oraz organizmach żywych. Naturalnym źródłem związków fluoru są złoża mineralne. Do wód przenika w wyniku procesów wietrzenia skał i ługowania, a także w opadach atmosferycznych. Zarówno w powietrzu, w wodzie jak i w glebie fluorki mogą występować w szerokim przedziale stężeń. Problem zanieczyszczenia środowiska fluorem zrodził się dopiero we współczesnym świecie, w związku z działalnością przemysłową człowieka, co doprowadziło do nagromadzenia toksycznych związków fluoru w powietrzu, wodzie i glebie. Najwięcej, bo aż 56,6% globalnej emisji pochodzi z hut aluminium, kolejne źródła to fabryki nawozów fosforowych i kwasów fosforowych - 17,1% oraz huty żelaza i stali z udziałem 15,5% [16]. W mniejszym stopniu swój udział mają emaliernie, huty szkła, cegielnie i zakłady ceramiczne używające zanieczyszczonej fluorem gliny i węgla. Do tego doliczyć należy energetykę cieplną opartą na węglach. Z danych opublikowanych wcześniej [41] dotyczących zawartości fluoru w roślinach w okolicach Lubonia wynika, że skażenie środowiska tym pierwiastkiem było znaczne i utrzymywało się na poziomie kilkuset mg/kg w materiale roślinnym. Uzyskane podczas przeprowadzonych badań wyniki sugerują spadek emisji związków fluoru do atmosfery, a zarazem imisji. Obniżenie emisji fluoru było wynikiem działań podjętych przez Zakład, a mianowicie: zaniechano produkcji fluorku glinowego; ograniczono znacznie produkcję superfosfatu pylistego i kwasu fluorowodorowego; uruchomiono dwie linie produkcyjne nawozów mineralnych, granulowanych metodą beztermiczną eliminując szkodliwe wyziewy obecne przy metodzie termicznej; starą 80-letnią kotłownię węglową zastąpiono kotłownią gazową; dzięki wykorzystaniu ługów pokrystalicznych w budownictwie wyeliminowano problem składowania tych odpadów na terenie Zakładu lub na wysypisku. Ponadto udoskonalono systemy absorpcyjne, co również spowodowało dalsze zmniejszenie emisji fluoru do atmosfery. Wyniki badań otrzymane w niniejszej pracy porównano z rezultatami badań przeprowadzonymi w Słowacji [40] w 1995 r. dla czterech punktów pobierania próbek; w terenie od praktycznie wolnego od wpływu toksycznych gazowych zanieczyszczeń emitowanych przez hutę alumunium (Źiar nad Hronom) (punkt 1) do silnie skażonego przez tę emisję (punkt 4). Zawartość fluoru w dwuletnich igłach świerka pospolitego wynosiła odpowiednio 10 mg/kg (punkt 1), 34 mg/kg (punkt 2), 92 mg/kg (punkt 3) i 301 mg/kg (punkt 4) w roku 1970. W 1990 r. wartości te wynosiły : punkt 1 - brak danych, punkt 2 - 102 mg/kg, punkt 3 - 170 mg/kg i punkt 4 - 310 mg/kg. W tym kontekście zawartości fluoru w igłach świerka w Obornikach i Czapurach są znacznie mniejsze niż zawartości fluoru stwierdzane w terenach silnie skażonych i wynoszą dla fluoru uwalnianego kwasami 107 mg/kg (Oborniki), 126 mg/kg (Czapury). Wartości fluoru w igłach sosny wahają się od 250 mg/kg do 310 mg/kg i są porównywalne z uzyskanymi przez Maňkovską i Steinnes - 310 mg/kg, a Świeboda [37] u tego samego gatunku podaje wartość 462 mg/kg dla terenów silnie skażonych. Analizując otrzymane wyniki pod kątem określenia udziału formy fluoru rozpuszczalnego w wodzie w stosunku do fluoru całkowitego (uwalnianego kwasami) nie stwierdzono żadnej korelacji. Zawartość tego pierwszego waha się w granicach 20÷60% [11]. Wpływają na to nie tylko indywidualne cechy roślin, ale także w dużym stopniu warunki meteorologiczne.

EN

Fluorine is widespread in nature and in the form of fluorides occurs in all elements of the natural environment: water, soil, air and living organisms. In all these elements fluorine can occur in a wide range of concentrations. The question of environmental pollution with fluorine appeared relatively recently as a result of the industrial development. The disturbance of ecological equilibrium by excessive amounts of fluorine poses threats to the functioning of living organisms. In the natural conditions plants contain insignificant amounts of fluorine taken from the soil, where fluorine is usually present as species non-available for them. In special conditions or under soil pollution, it can be taken in by plants in excessive amounts. The most characteristic symptom of fluorine poisoning of plants are necroses appearing when the concentration of this element exceeds a certain critical point, characteristic of a plant species. The process of necrosis begins at the leaf margin and develops towards its base. The leaves undergo discoloration, whose actual shade depends on the plant species. Accumulation of fluorine is also a function of its concentration in the air, time of exposure and a number of environmental factors and plant characteristics. The study was performed for plants of different sensitivity to fluorine compounds, growing on non-polluted areas or in direct vicinity of fluorine emission sources. The isolation of fluorine from biological material was performed by the distillation method according to Hall, preceded by dry mineralisation. After the isolation, fluorides were determined by the potentiometric method with an ion-selective electrode. Two fractions of fluorine were determined: the water-soluble one and the acid-released one. For the samples coming from the Wielkopolski National Park area, assumed as non-polluted the results of the fluorine determinations were: the fluorine released by acids determined in leaves of beech tree was 1.95 mg/kg, oak tree - up to 8.05 mg/kg and in needles of the coniferous trees it varied from 2.5 mg/kg to 10.8 mg/kg, the water-soluble fluorine determined in leaves of deciduous trees varied from 0.85 mg/kg (beech, oak) to 2.23 mg/kg (oak); and in coniferous trees from 1.12 mg/kg to 2.93 mg/kg. The values obtained for the samples collected from all sites chosen are within the limits of the natural fluorine concentrations. Fluorine was also determined in samples from the areas subjected to anthropopressure. In the samples collected from the city of Poznan, the natural level of fluorine concentration was exceeded only at two sites, while the level of fluorine in the samples from Oborniki, Czapury and Lubon indicated considerable pollution of the areas with this element. The fraction of the water-soluble fluorine made from 10.8 to 53.9% of that released by acids.