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Impact of Extensive Sheep Grazing on the Biochemical Status of Soils of the Grassland Habitat of Natura 2000

Futa Barbara, Trzcińska Joanna, Patkowski Krzysztof

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

256--268

EN

Abandonment of the use of agricultural areas, especially low-production grass communities, and the related secondary succession of trees and shrubs, affects the transformation of the soil environment. The work focused on the impact of extensive sheep grazing on activity of dehydrogenases (DhA) and neutral phosphatase (PhA) and the resources of total organic carbon (TOC) and available phosphorus (Pav) in the soils of meadow habitats in eastern Poland. These habitats are located within the ecological network Natura 2000: PLH060018 Stawska Góra, PLH060035 Zachodniowołyńska Dolina Bugu, PLH060010 Kąty and the Nature Reserve "Kózki" (PLB140001 Dolina Dolnego Bugu and PLH140011 Ostoja Nadbużańska). Soil material was collected for three years, twice each year: before and after the grazing. In the soils of all the studied habitats, a beneficial effect of extensive sheep grazing on soil enzymatic activity and TOC and Pav content was noticed. A particular marked improvement was observed in the biochemical status of the soil in the study area where sheep grazing was continued since 2008. This confirms the hypothesis that free grazing of livestock has a positive impact on biodiversity and the condition of the soil environment of Natura 2000 habitats.

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Różnorodność florystyczna oraz walory krajobrazowe muraw kserotermicznych na Pogórzu Przemyskim

Wolański P., Trąba C., Rogut K.

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2016

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nr 26

331--346

PL

Na podstawie 121 zdjęć fitosocjologicznych wykonanych w latach 2010–2014 w zbiorowiskach muraw kserotermicznych na Pogórzu Przemyskim oraz bogatej dokumentacji foto-graficznej dokonano charakterystyki tych ekosystemów pod względem różnorodności florystycznej oraz walorów krajobrazowych. Wyróżniono zbiorowisko Brachypodium pinnatum zróżnicowane na siedem wariantów. Występowało ono w urozmaiconych warunkach siedliskowych (zbocza wzniesień o zróżnicowanej wystawie i nachyleniu, wierzchowiny wzniesień). Wyróżnione fitocenozy były bogate florystycznie. Licznie występowały w nich rośliny dwuliścienne o barwnych kwiatach, które decydują o walorach krajobrazowych. Badane murawy kserotermiczne wyróżniały się kolorystycznie, szczególnie latem, na tle monotonnej barwy upraw rolniczych i roślinności leśnej. Bogactwo gatunków roślin w płatach muraw i ich aktualna faza rozwojowa to ważne elementy, które wpływają na estetykę krajobrazu rolniczego Pogórza Przemyskiego.

EN

On the basis of 121 phytosociological relevés taken in the years 2010–2014 in xerothermic grassland communities in the Przemyśl Foothills and rich photographic documentation, these ecosystems were characterized in terms of floristic diversity and landscape values. The community of Brachypodium pinnatum was distinguished and differentiated into 7 variants. It occurred in varied habitat conditions (slopes of varying exposition, angle, and altitude). The distinguished phytocenoses were floristically rich. Dicotyledonous plants with colourful flowers, which determine landscape values, occurred abundantly. The studied xerothermic grasslands could be distinguished by colour, especially in summer, against monotonous agricultural crops and forest vegetation. The richness of plant species in grassland patches and their current development phase are important elements that affect aesthetics of the agricultural landscape of the Przemyśl Foothills.

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Comparison of Seed Longevity for Thirty Forest, Grassland and Weed Species of the Central European Flora : Results of a Seed Burial Experiment

Csontos P., Kalapos T., Tamás J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 3

313--326

EN

We compared seed longevity of herbaceous species in three habitat types differing in stability. We hypothesized that seed longevity is the lowest for forest species (living in stable habitat), the highest for weeds, while species of xerothermic grasslands take an intermediate value. Ten species were selected from each of the three habitats with balanced representation of plant families among habitats. Seeds of the 30 species were deep buried at 65 cm depth, then replicates recovered after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 years, and germinated in an unheated greenhouse. Weeds expressed the highest germination rate (36.1% in average) exceeding forest (14.4%) and grassland species (10.2%) which did not differ significantly. The number of species with transient, short-term persistent and long-term persistent seed bank, respectively, was 1, 7 and 2 for grasslands; 1, 3 and 6 for forests; and 0, 1 and 9 for weeds. As expected, weeds possessed the highest seed longevity. Contrary to our assumption, low seed longevity was not the norm among forest understorey species, and seed longevity of xerothermic grassland species was not intermediate but the shortest one. Ecological background of differences between hypotheses and experimental results are discussed. First record on seed bank type is reported here for 12 species: Dianthus pontederae, Digitalis grandiflora, Ferula sadleriana, Hieracium sylvaticum, Inula ensifolia, Jurinea mollis, Lychnis coronaria, Saponaria officinalis, Scorzonera austriaca, Secale sylvestre, Stipa borysthenica, Verbascum lychnitis.

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Occurrence of rare and protected plant species related to species richness in calcareous xerothermic grassland

Barańska K., Żmihorski M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 2

343-350

EN

Occurrence of rare and protected plant species is regarded as a strong argument for creating a protected area. It is therefore especially important to know whether rare and protected species are reliable indicators of abundance of other, more common, unprotected species. We analysed co-occurrence of protected and rare species with other xerothermic plant species in calcareous xeric grassland in Western Poland. In the years 2005-2006, on 62 plots (25 m[^2] each) we identified vascular plants on a 60 km[^2] area in the Odra R. Valley and its smaller tributaries valleys. Legally protected species appeared not to be better indicators of xerothermic species richness than non-protected species. The rarest species (Anthericum liliago L., Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. and Stipa borysthenica Klokov ex Prok.) were significantly less useful indicators of xerothermic species richness than other rare and common species. These results let us conclude that designing a network of protected areas on the basis of rare and protected species may result that some common species, biodiversity hotspots or well developed phytocenoses will be ignored.

5

Seed longevity and recruitment of seedlings in xerothermic grassland

Czarnecka J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

505-521

EN

The aim of the study was to check which of the xerothermic grassland species create persistent seed bank and what type of germination characteristics they exhibit. The following features of diaspores and the seed bank were taken into consideration: 1) relation between the annual seed production and the seed bank; 2) keeping the germination ability longer than one year despite the soil samples being kept in the conditions promoting germination; 3) presence in the deeper layers of soil; 4) permanent abundance in soil, also between seed germination and seed shedding time. Carex flacca Schreb., C. transsilvanica Schur, Linum flavum L., Origanum vulgare L. and Scabiosaochroleuca L. create persistent seed bank, Senecio macrophyllus M. Bieb., Aster amellus L. and Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. have the transient type of the bank. Germination time for the grassland species is spring and additionally, in a ffew cases, early autumn when the most favourable temperature and moisture conditions prevail in the studied plant community. Taking into consideration the changes in the percentage of germinating seeds during the year we can distinguish three types of annual dormancy cycle: Linum flavum pattern - germination occurs exclusively in spring; Salvia verticillata L. pattern - the germination peak in spring; yet, the seedlings are detected during the rest of the season; Senecio macrophyllus pattern - the species with two germination peaks: one in spring, the other in autumn.