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1

The Consequences and Recurrence of Dangerous Occurrences in Air Transport in 1919-2018

Kozuba Jarosław, Sirko Stanisław, Pila Jan

Safety & Defense

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2021

|

3

42--55

EN

The paper presents statistical research results regarding the occurrence of which dangerous aviation events in 1919-2018. The source of the information about the events was the AviationSafetyNetwork website. With the use of Excel 2016 and Statistica v. 12 computer programs, five-time intervals were identified in which hazardous aviation incidents took place.Characterizing the distribution of these events in all periods, due to the technological advancement and capabilities of airplanes, the distribution of dangerous events in the last three periods was compared. The following tests were used to verify the statistical hypotheses: , Shapiro-Wilk, Brown-Forsythe, Kruskal-Wallis. When choosing the appropriate test, the following factors were taken into account: the type of measurement scale, the dependence/independence of samples, and their number. The standard significance level was assumed to be α = 0.05. The consequences and repeatability of aviation events in the identified time intervals were analyzed. The research questions that were posed were the following: in which seasons of the year, months, days of the month, and days of the week did the most dangerous events deaths occur? How often did dangerous events take place? Was the distribution of events similar in the identified periods? The results of the conducted research allowed to identify five periods in which hazardous events took place and demonstrate that in particular periods the distribution of hazardous air events in subsequent seasons, months, and days of the week was not the same.

2

Civil aviation flight safety: pilot properties soft computing

Plotnikov Nikolai I.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2021

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z. 133

5--14

EN

Commercial competition leads to aviation accidents. It forces airlines to reduce the cost of purchasing, leasing, and maintenance of aircraft. The air carrier saves on professional training of personnel, on an arbitrary increase in the workload standards, on the use of flight crews with minimal and untenable experience in chronic fatigue conditions. Theory and methods of the characteristics of specialists remain uncertain. Statistical data and expertise may be piecewise-defined, inaccurate, and inconsistent. It is necessary to establish indicators and values of acceptable accuracy using fuzzy measures to calculate the dependability of flight crews based on workload and experience. It is proposed soft computing, statistical and expert methods for calculating the properties of a person and social groups in the management of dangerous professions. It makes it possible to calculate the dependability of the pilot properties with an assessment of flight safety risk levels for making management decisions. The results of the work are new standards for the workload of flight crews recommended for civil aviation. Results are obtained in qualitative methods for calculating efficiency, security, and risk states in the management of organizational objects as airlines. Indicators for air transport risk management standards and decision-making tools were obtained. Calculated indicators of pilot dependability values are a model for developing the airline's strategy, for quantitative assessments of flight specialists, standardizing professional activities, and managing training costs.

3

The era of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles is coming

Krawczyk Jacek

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2020

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R. 5, Nr 9

92--102

EN

The use of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) is constantly increasing due to their technical, operational and economic potential. They are used for recreational and commercial purposes by individuals, companies, organizations and government institutions. Despite the systematic implementation of appropriate safety procedures in air traffic management systems, aviation procedures and safety management systems, it is impossible to completely prevent air accidents. Within 6 months, two air crashes have been reported that involved BEAING 767 Max 8 aircraft. This gives rise to the question whether air accidents involving manned aircraft will become a catalyst for even faster development of UAVs and their greater importance. Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the potential for the use of UAVs and the measures that should be taken in order to make unmanned aviation competitive against manned aviation. Method: The scientific methods used in the paper include the review and criticism of the literature on the subject, as well as logical analysis and construction. Article type - Review article. Results: The article presents the measures to be implemented in order for unmanned aviation to become competitive against manned aviation and complement other types of transportation services. When introducing new regulations and procedures, the priority should be to ensure the safety of the airspace and other spaces where operations with the use of UAVs will be performed. Conclusions: In order to ensure safety, it is important to equip UAVs with anti-collision devices and airspace detectors informing about any approaching aircraft and obstacles on the actual and potential path, as well as with cameras enabling observation of the airspace around UAVs.

4

Search and rescue system in Poland

Rajchel Jan

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2019

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z. 104

147--157

EN

On the 25th of January 2018, the Civil and Military Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) commenced operations in the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PANSA). PANSA significantly increased its contribution in the domain of coordination of search and rescue activities in ASAR service in the Polish area of responsibility. Before this date, all tasks of ARCC Centre were conducted mainly by the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, which performed the coordination function in ASAR (Aeronautical Search and Rescue) service. The bodies responsible were the Aeronautical Search and Rescue Centre located in the Air Operations Centre – Air Component Headquarter in Warsaw and the sub-centre in Gdynia, part of the Naval Operations Centre of Naval Component Headquarter. According to international commitments resulting mainly from the Convention on International Civil Aviation signed on 7th of December 1944 in Chicago and ratified by Poland together with Annex 12 “Search And Rescue”, Poland committed to establishing aeronautical search and rescue service called ASAR within the Polish region to assure its operation. ASAR service is the only service in Poland for rescue purposes and is designated for the search and rescue of aircraft in distress, provision of help for aircraft crews and passengers and other victims of aeronautical accidents (regardless of the nationality of the aircraft and persons). ASAR service tasks include search of the designated area to locate aircraft and victims of aeronautical accidents, determine their status and commence rescue actions at the location using dedicated forces and measures as well as forces and measures of other systems, mainly from the State Medical Rescue and the National Firefighting and Rescue System and the Maritime Search and Rescue Service. ASAR services consists of: commanding element – Civil- Military Aeronautical Rescue and Coordination Centre, executive elements – Aeronautical Search and Rescue Teams (LZPR), and supporting elements – alerting points (air traffic services units operating in the framework of alerting service).

5

Usefulness of the adopted method for the number of aviation occurrences prediction

Balicki W., Glowacki P.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 1

23--29

EN

Poland – according to ICAO requirements, is obliged to conduct analyses of the coefficients adopted to assess the level of safety in civil aviation. They are carried out on the basis of the data contained in the ECCAIRS database. The authors have processed the data contained in this database by analysing them using various criteria (ICAO aviation occurrence categories, flight phases, different airports) to test the methodology of the safety indicators values forecasting and setting their “warning levels”. Exceedance of these levels could be a signal for taking preventive action by the relevant competent aviation authorities. The proposed method is based on the assumption that the determined parameters are governed by normal distribution rules (Gaussian). Parameter values calculated based on real data from 2016 were compared with those predicted a year earlier. It was found that the factors for different events have increased significantly - above the calculated warning levels, particularly for general aviation. The results of this analysis may support competent aviation authorities' decisions in areas where safety risks are most critical.

6

Duty hours and incidents in flight among commercial airline pilots

O'Hagan A. D., Issartel J., Fletcher R., Warrington G.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 2

165--172

EN

Introduction. Working long duty hours has often been associated with increased risk of incidents and accidents in transport industries. Despite this, information regarding the intermediate relationship between duty hours and incident risk is limited. This study aimed to test a work hours/incident model to identify the interplay of factors contributing to incidents within the aviation industry. Methods. Nine hundred and fifty-four European-registered commercial airline pilots completed a 30-item survey investigating self-report attitudes and experiences of fatigue. Path analysis was used to test the proposed model. Results. The fit indices indicated this to be a good fit model (χ2 = 11.066, df = 5, p = 0.05; Comparative Fit Index = 0.991; Normed Fit Index = 0.984; Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.962; Root Mean Square of Approximation = 0.036). Highly significant relationships were identified between duty hours and sleep disturbance (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), sleep disturbance and fatigue in the cockpit (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), and fatigue in the cockpit and microsleeps in the cockpit (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). Discussion. A critical pathway from duty hours through to self-reported incidents in flight was identified. Further investigation employing both objective and subjective measures of sleep and fatigue is needed.

7

Czynniki ograniczające zagrożenia w lotniczym transporcie materiałów niebezpiecznych

Kucharek D., Gulewska A.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych

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2015

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Nr 4

29--38

PL

Postęp techniczny w konstrukcji statków powietrznych umożliwia przewozy coraz większej liczby pasażerów i masy towarów. Właśnie przestrzeń powietrzna stwarza specyficzne warunki do wykonywania lotów, czym przyczynia się do zwiększania atrakcyjności transportu lotniczego, ale niesie również zagrożenia. Rozpatrując problematykę zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa w transporcie, należy szczególną uwagę poświęcić przedsięwzięciom związanym z przewozami lotniczymi materiałów niebezpiecznych. Wynika to z faktu, że zajmują one coraz bardziej znaczącą pozycję w całości światowego transportu powietrznego. Autorzy niniejszego artykułu podjęli się analizy wybranych aspektów bezpieczeństwa, mających wpływ na minimalizację zagrożeń wynikających z przemieszczania materiałów niebezpiecznych. W efekcie zostały określone podstawowe czynniki, ograniczające do minimum zagrożenia wiążące się z transportem powietrznym niebezpiecznych substancji i przedmiotów.

EN

Technical progress in aircraft design allows to carry an increasing number of passengers and more cargo. The airspace creates specific conditions for flight, which enhances the attractiveness of air transport, simultaneously bringing risks as well. Considering the problems connected with ensuring air transport safety, special attention should be given to air transport of hazardous materials. It results from the fact that they gradually take increasingly important position in the global air transport. The authors of the article analysed selected aspects of safety, which have an impact on minimization of risks resulting from displacing dangerous materials. As a result, basic factors, which minimised threats related to air transport of hazardous substances or objects, were determined.

8

Prognozowanie nalotu i wskaźnika wypadków w lotnictwie przy wykorzystaniu metod wyrównywania wykładniczego

Głowiński S.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 3

2026--2034

PL

Utrata przez samoloty właściwości technicznych odpowiadających bardzo dobremu stanowi technicznemu następuje z różną intensywnością. Przeważnie jest to proces powolny, możliwy do zaobserwowania w oparciu o badania statystyczne oparte na wieloletniej eksploatacji. Wiodącym problemem jest bezpieczeństwo personelu latającego, eksploatującego sprzęt, oraz utrzymanie pełnej gotowości w przypadku konfliktu zbrojnego. Z tych względów istotnego znaczenia nabiera potrzeba predykcji odpowiednich wskaźników. W artykule autor przeprowadza analizę statystyczną zmiennych Nalot oraz wskaźnika wypadków ciężkich w oparciu o dane z lat 1951-2011. Na podstawie opracowanego szeregu dokonano dopasowania funkcji opisujących ww. zmienne. Korzystając z metod wyrównywania wykładniczego przeprowadzano prognozę na lata 1997-2003 oraz 2004-2011. Przedstawione wyniki wykazały, że istnieje możliwość prognozy wskaźnika wypadków ciężkich nalotu, jednak wymagane są dodatkowe dane jak poziom wyszkolenia personelu latającego, podział na typy statków powietrznych itd.

EN

Loss of aircraft technical characteristics corresponding to a very good to the technical follows with varying intensity. This is usually a slow process, observable on the basis of statistical research based on years of service. The leading concern is the safety of crew, equipment operator, and to maintain full readiness in the event of armed conflict. For these reasons, the need for significant importance prediction of relevant 2034 indicators. In this article the author performs a statistical analysis of variables flying time and indicators flight safety based on data from the years 1951 to 2011. On the basis of a series has been developed to describe the aforementioned adjustment variables. Using the methods of exponential smoothing forecast was performed for the years 1997-2003 and 2004-2011. The results showed that it is possible to forecast the indicators flight safety and flying hours, however, additional data are required as the level of training of crew, types of aircraft, etc.

9

Tenerife airport disaster from the perspective of SHELL model

Lederleitnerová A., Pil'ová E.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych

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2013

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Nr 1

127--135

EN

According to the statistics the human factor is one of the main causes of the aviation accidents. The authors of the article explain what human factor means and describe the well known safety models as SHELL model, 5-M model and Reason’s model. Afterwards they try to analyze the Tenerife aviation accident by use of SHELL model.

PL

Według danych statystycznych, czynnik ludzki jest jedną z głównych przyczyn wypadków lotniczych. Autorki artykułu wyjaśniają, co oznacza „czynnik ludzki” i opisują dobrze znane modele bezpieczeństwa, takie jak: model SHELL, model 5-M i model Reasona. Następnie próbują zanalizować wypadek na Teneryfie przy pomocy modelu SHELL.

10

Wybrane uwarunkowania procesu decyzyjnego pilota (załogi) statku powietrznego

Augustyn S.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 3(84)

286-306

EN

This publication shows the issue of pilot’s and crew’s decision-making process to maintain safety connected with human factors in operation. The decision-making model is a very good indication, which should be used by pilots during air operations. The system is constructed according to decision-making loop which helps to select essential information and analyze current situation on aviation tasks, what in turn, allows quick and efficient planning of next operations and technical activities. One of the ways to upgrade effects of operation is to devise a decision-making model by integrating modern sciences (technique, economy, psychology, medicine etc.). The model of decision-making loop raises a common correlation between medical science and technical aspect. This model affects: - flight safety and security, - reliability, - economic use of aircraft. The decision-making process generally focuses on the interface between operators (pilots and crew) and helicopters systems, which are responsible for flight safety. Moreover, pilots and crew – helicopters systems performance also reflect the fallowing factors: - flight missions and requirements, - environmental constraints, - maintenance and operation of helicopter characteristics, - aviation instrumental equipment, - pilots and crew training. Thus, many essential elements of helicopters should be considered to optimize the roles of pilots and crew factors in total and complex systems. This recognition of pilots’ and crews’ properties is very important in helicopters design and operational procedures. Moreover, the proper level of helicopter survivability gives also more decision-making time for the crew during different visual flight conditions. Therefore, the range of manoeuvres and control requirements is wider because helicopters operate at very low terrain altitudes during operational activities of all crew. It is particularly difficult during failures of power system or navigation of helicopter.

11

Bezpieczeństwo ruchu lotniczego

Bielski M., Krawczyk A.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2010

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nr 4

10-13

PL

W artykule przedstawiono uwagi dotyczące oceny bezpieczeństwa komunikacji lotniczej. Bezpieczeństwo komunikacji lotniczej rozważa się w kontekście ogólnej problematyki zarządzania ryzykiem. W analizie uwzględniono dwa aspekty ryzyka: statyczny - ocena stanu zastanego (safety) i dynamiczny - budowanie systemu (security). Omówione zostały systemy profilaktyczne. W ocenie bezpieczeństwa lotów zwrócono uwagę na czynnik ludzki, co zostało udokumentowane opisem przypadku incydentu lotniczego (case study).

EN

This article presents information on evaluating safety of aerial communication. This issue is considered in the context of the general problematic of risk management. In the analysis two aspects of risk are considered: static - evaluating the present situation (safety) - and dynamic - building the system (security). This paper also discusses preventive measures. The human factor is underlined in the evaluation of aerial safety; this is documented in a case study of an aerial accident.

12

Human factors and how they contribute to helicopter accidents

Szymczak J.

Journal of KONBiN

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2008

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No. 1 (4)

233-246

EN

The paper has been intended to present analysis of causes of air accidents of civilian and military helicopters in Poland. For comparison, the analysis of accidents of civil-aviation helicopters in the United States has been also provided. Special attention has been paid to human factors and contribution thereof to accidents in the helicopter aviation. To conclude the paper, the most essential causes of air accidents have been discussed and preventive actions suggested with the aim of reducing the number of helicopter accidents and hence, increasing the flight safety level.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę przyczyn wypadków lotniczych śmigłowców lotnictwa cywilnego i wojskowego w Polsce. W celach porównawczych przytoczono statystykę wypadków na śmigłowcach lotnictwa cywilnego w USA. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na udział czynnika ludzkiego w wypadkach lotnictwa śmigłowcowego. W zakończeniu artykułu omówiono główne przyczyny wypadków lotniczych oraz zamieszczono propozycje przedsięwzięć profilaktycznych mających na celu zmniejszenie liczby wypadków na śmigłowcach, a przez to podwyższenie poziomu bezpieczeństwa lotów.