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EN
This paper examined the role of suction/injection on time-dependent electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) natural (free) convection flow in a vertical microchannel with electroosmotic effect. With the aid of Laplace transformation method, the governing energy and momentum equations are converted from partial differential equation (PDE) into ordinary differential equation (ODE) to obtain fluid temperature and velocity in Laplace domain. The semi-analytical solutions of the velocity profile and temperature distribution have been derived using the Riemann sum approximation. After which a MATLAB program was written to study the effects of Prandlt number Pr, Hartmann number Ha, electric field strength on x and z directions (Ex and Sz) and Grashof number Gr in fluid velocity, temperature, skin-friction and mass flow rate in terms of line graphs. Result shows the role of suction/injection parameter alters the temperature distribution and velocity profile, so also how effective the governing parameters contribute to the flow formation.
EN
In this paper, heat transfer in flow between two horizontal parallel porous plates through a porous medium when the upper plate oscillates in its own plane has been analyzed taking into account the effect of viscous dissipation. An increment in the Prandtl number or Reynolds number results in an increment of the temperature profile. With an increase in viscous dissipative heat the temperature distribution decreases.
EN
In the present study, a flow rig with optical access intended for spray investigations in exhaust system-relevant conditions was analysed in terms of flow and temperature in the spray area using numerical simulations. The operation of the rig was examined for a wide range of exhaust mass flow rates, temperatures and various forms of UWS (urea-water solution) spray plumes. The locations of the injector and thermocouple were verified. Both conventional and flash-boiling injections were considered to assess the effect of the interaction of sprays with a gas flow. The results showed a highly uniform flow in the visualisation area, with only minor fluctuations near the walls. A similar observation was carried out for the temperature distribution. It was found that the extreme operating conditions caused substantial deformations of the spray plumes. However, the selected injector location allowed us to properly observe the spray formation regardless of the flow conditions. The study showed that the examined test rig enabled reliable spray investigations for a wide range of operating points.
EN
Underground fluid injections result in rock mass fracturing. The associated environmental hazards in a significant part stem from a possibility for linking these fractures. The resultant crevices may allow for an undesired and hazardous fluid migration. We studied the fracture linking problem on data from a part of The Geysers geothermal field in California, USA. We parameterized seismic events by the distance between hypocenter and injecting well, by the angle between the position vector of hypocentre and the maximum horizontal stress direction and by the angle of rotation required to turn the event’s doublecouple mechanism into the prevailing in this area faults’ orientation. To make these parameters comparable, we transformed them to equivalent dimensions. Based on distances between events in the transformed parameter space, we divided the seismic events into clusters. The percentage of potentially linked fractures in clusters was greater at low than at high injection rate.
PL
W pracy ujęto niezbędne elementy wymagane do zmiany gaźnikowego układu zasilania, przystosowanego do benzyny, na zasilanie wtryskowe etanolem. Obliczono moment bezwładności koła zamachowego, tak by silnik pracował z wymaganą równomiernością biegu po zwiększeniu stopnia sprężania. Przedstawiono różnicę w poborze ciepła przez etanol oraz benzynę. Skupiono się głównie na problemie niedogrzewania się silnika, spowodowanym własnościami charakterystycznymi alkoholu etylowego. W celu pozyskania ciepła niezbędnego do odparowania paliwa połączono układ dolotowy z kolektorem wydechowym w taki sposób, aby część ciepła, które zostało przekazane, pomagała w ogrzewaniu powietrza zasysanego przez silnik. Przedstawiono wyniki zastosowanych modyfikacji. Doświadczalnie dobrano optymalne warunki pracy silnika.
EN
The article contains necessary elements required for changing the carburetor system, adapted for gasoline to ethanol fuel injection. The moment of inertia of the flywheel was calculated so that the engine worked with the required uniformity, after increasing the compression ratio. The difference in heat consumption of ethanol and gasoline was presented. The article focused mainly on the problem of engine not achieving the proper temperature of work due to the characteristic properties of ethyl alcohol. In order to obtain the heat required to evaporate the fuel, the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold were connected in such a way that a portion of the heat is transferred to assist in heating the air sucked by the engine. The results of applied modifications are presented. The engine operating conditions were chosen experimentally.
PL
W artykule opisano metodykę modyfikacji istniejącej formy wtryskowej, adaptacje formy z wykorzystaniem technologii przyrostowych oraz przeprowadzanie procesu wtrysku. Założeniami projektu była analiza czasu i jakości procesu prototypowania przy wykorzystaniu technologii wtrysku, przy maksymalnej redukcji kosztów. Prezentowane wyniki obrazują rezultat pierwszego etapu badań, które miały charakter porównawczy, mający na celu zestawienie kosztów i możliwości wykonania obiektu z tworzywa sztucznego w różnych technologiach.
EN
The paper describes the methodology of modifying an existing injection mold, adapting the form using additive manufacturing and conducting the injection process. The assumptions of the project were to analyze the time and the quality of the prototyping process based on injection technology, with the maximum cost reduction. The presented results illustrate the first stage of the research, which was of a comparative nature, aimed at comparing the costs and possibilities of making a plastic object in various technologies.
EN
Hydrogeological documetation in the terms of deposit exploitation, water injection to the rock formations, drainage, and other mining activity requires the characteristic of groundwater conditions, mainly in the field of groundwater hazards. Hydrogeological documentations are the basis for granting or renewing a concession. The necessity of a general description in hydrogeological documentation as a result of legal regulations is justified and understood, although broader and non-standard scope should be revised, connected with: development of research methods in hydrogeology, scope of their applicability, modern research methodology for measurement and evaluation of hydrogeological parameters, new mining techniques. Commonly realized documents include, among other things, characteristics of hydrogeological conditions, in particular the extent of geological structure planned for water injection, depth, thickness and capacity of reservoirs, hydrogeological parameters, groundwater flow directions, isolation conditions and hydrogeological parameters of rock formations directly above reservoirs. Based on the documented work, the paper describes the problem of presenting the most important hydrogeological aspects that determine the possibility of water injection into the rock formations, the scope of hydrogeological investigations and justification of the observation and measurement conducted for the assessment of environmental hazards caused by water injection.
EN
This paper is devoted to research of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which belongs to one of three main biomaterial groups, i.e. polymeric materials. Hence, due to its unique properties, it still plays an important role in biomedical applications – especially in the production of medical equipment, implants and parts of prostheses. This publication deals with the effect of selected conditions of processing which involved injection moulding on the mechanical properties and structure of HDPE mouldings. Samples for tests were produced on a Krauss - Maffei injection moulder on the basis of a research plan prepared using the STATISTICA program. According to this schedule, the following variable parameters of the injection process were selected: injection temperature Tw [°C], mould temperature Tf [°C] and injection velocity vw [mm/s]. In addition, a part of the moldings was subjected to a few processings. Then the samples obtained were subjected to different tests: tensile, impact and hardness tests, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and the melt flow rate (MFR) test in order to determine the influence of selected injection conditions and the multiplicity of processing on the mechanical, rheological and structural properties of HDPE.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony polietylenowi wysokiej gęstości (HDPE), który należy do jednej z trzech głównych grup biomateriałów, tj.: materiałów polimerowych. W związku z tym, ze względu na swoje wyjątkowe właściwości, wciąż odgrywa ważną rolę w zastosowaniach biomedycznych - zwłaszcza w produkcji sprzętu medycznego, implantów i części protez. Publikacja dotyczy wpływu wybranych warunków przetwarzania, jakim było formowanie wtryskowe, na właściwości mechaniczne i strukturę wyprasek z HDPE. Próbki do testów zostały wyprodukowane na wtryskarce Krauss - Maffei (KM65-160 C4) na podstawie planu badawczego przygotowanego w programie STATISTICA. Zgodnie z tym harmonogramem wybrano następujące zmienne parametry procesu wtrysku: temperatura wtrysku Tw, °C, temperatura formy Tf, °C i prędkość wtrysku vw, mm/s. Ponadto część wyprasek poddano kilku obróbkom. Następnie otrzymane próbki poddano różnym testom: rozciągania, udarności, twardości, różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej (DSC) i szybkości płynięcia stopu (MFR) w celu określenia wpływu wybranych warunków wtryskiwania i wielokrotności przetwarzania na mechaniczne, reologiczne i strukturalne właściwości materiału badawczego.
EN
In this study n-heptane spray in supercritical environments was simulated using commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) software AVL Fire. The numerical results were analyzed in terms of global spray parameter, and spray penetration. The results obtained were compared with experimental data available at Sandia National Laboratories. N-heptane spray simulations were performed in the same conditions as in the Sandia experiments. The goal of the study was to assess whether the Lagrangian approach performs well in engine relevant conditions in terms of spray global parameters. Not included in this assessment was the influence of supercritical mixing on liquid-gas interphase. The major element was the potential for practical application of the commercial CFD code in terms of properly representing global spray parameters and thus mixture formation in supercritical conditions, which is one of the core aspects in whole engine process simulation. The key part of the study was mesh optimization. Therefore, the influence of mesh density on both the accuracy of calculations and the calculation time was determined, taking into consideration detailed experimental data as initial conditions for the subsequent calculations. This served as a basis to select the optimal mesh with regard to both accuracy of the results obtained and time duration of the calculations. As a determinant of accuracy, the difference within a range of evaporated fuel stream was used. Using selected mesh the set of numerical calculations were performed and the results were compared with experimental ones taken from the literature. Several spray parameters were compared: spray tip penetration, temperature of the gaseous phase and mixture fraction in the gaseous phase. The numerical results were very consistent in respect of spray tip penetration. The other parameters were influenced by specific features of the Lagrangian approach. Nevertheless the results obtained showed that the Lagrangian approach may be used for engine relevant conditions.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the influence of the fuel injector nozzle holes diameter on parameters of the brake-up, evaporation and combustion process in the cylinder of the marine 4-stroke Diesel engine. Presented analysis was prepared in the basis on computational fluid dynamic model. Initial and boundary conditions of the model as well as data used to model validation were collected during the laboratory study. Calculations were conducted for nominal fuel holes diameter equals 0.375mm and diameters increased and decreased by 50μm and 100μm respectively. According to presented results the increase of the diameter of fuel nozzle holes causes the increase of fuel Sauter’s mean diameter in the initial stage of the injection process and the decrease of fuel process evaporation. The result of this phenomenon is the slowdown of the initial stage of the combustion process and the decrease of both pressure and temperature of combustion.
EN
An analysis is made on the three dimensional flow of a viscous incompressible fluid through a vertical channel in the presence of radiation in slip flow regime. The right plate is subjected to an uniform injection and the left plate to a periodic suction velocity distribution. The velocity and temperature fields have been derived using the perturbation technique. It is found that the velocity decreases with the increase of the slip parameter. It is also found that the velocity decreases with the increase of the radiation parameter but near the right plate it increases. For cooling of the plate, the velocity increases with the increase of the Grashoff number and decreases near the right plate but the reverse effect is observed for heating the plate.
12
Content available remote Rodzaje parametrów wtrysku
PL
Scharakteryzowano parametry nastawne wtryskarki oraz procesu wtrysku. Wskazano parametry określające stan tworzywa w formie wtryskowej: temperaturę i ciśnienie tworzywa oraz szybkość płynięcia stopu. Podkreślono współzależność tych parametrów oraz wpływ cech konstrukcyjnych formy. Wskazano wpływ parametrów nastawnych na końcowe, użytkowe właściwości wyprasek.
EN
Characterized adjustable parameters and the process of injection molding machine. Indicated parameters defining the state in injection mold: the temperature and pressure of the plastic and melt flow rate. Stressed the interdependence of these parameters and the impact of the design features of the mold. Indicated the influence of adjustable parameters on the final, functional properties of moldings.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie modeli regresyjnych sieci neuronowych dostępnych w programie Statistica do doboru parametru regulacyjnego układu wtrysku w silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym. Badania prowadzono metodą swobodnego przyspieszania. Przeanalizowano na ile metoda sieci neuronowych jest czuła na modyfikacje kąta dynamicznego początku tłoczenia paliwa.
EN
In the article demonstrates models of regression neural networks available in Statistica to the selection of a regulatory parameter diesel injection system. Research conducted by free acceleration. Referring to the method of neural network is sensitive to modifications of pumping dynamic start angle.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń symulacyjnych, wykonanych w programie AVL Fire, dotyczących mechanizmu wtrysku oleju napędowego do komory spalania silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym. Zawarta została również analiza wyników symulacji w dziedzinie przebiegów ciśnień oraz rozkładu temperatur w zależności od kąta wyprzedzenia wtrysku kąta trwania wtrysku oraz wielkości dawki pilotującej oraz sformułowano wstępne wnioski na temat doboru parametrów regulacyjnych procesu wtrysku dawki pilotującej oleju napędowego.
EN
In this paper have been presented some of outputs from simulation calculations performed with AVL Fire software about diesel fuel injection into combustion chamber process of an self ignited internal combustion engine. This paper contains also an analysis of outputs of these calculations in the field of combustion chamber pressure graphs and temperature field distribution depending on injection timing and volume of fuel pilot dose. Conclusions about choice of injection timing and pilot fuel dose have been expressed.
PL
Parametry ekologiczne silników o zapłonie samoczynnym w największym stopniu zależą do przebiegu procesu spalania. Właściwy przebieg tego procesu uwarunkowany jest odpowiednim przygotowaniem ładunku w komorze spalania, na które składa się zawirowanie czynnika oraz rozpylenie paliwa. Zawirowanie czynnika wynika z przyjętej konstrukcji układu dolotowego, parametrów geometrycznych komory spalania oraz prędkości obrotowej wału korbowego silnika. Rozpylenie paliwa zależy od parametrów wtrysku oraz stanu technicznego wtryskiwacza, a w szczególności jego rozpylacza. Autorzy obecnie pracują nad aplikacją koncepcji umożliwiającej ocenę zdatności wtryskiwacza na podstawie parametrów wibroakustycznych wywołanych wtryskiem paliwa. W artykule przedstawiono fragment dokonanych prac w zakresie weryfikacji wartości drgań tulei reakcyjnej wywołanych uderzającą strugą rozpylonego paliwa uzyskiwaną przy różnych wartościach nastaw ciśnienia w układzie zasilania. Działania te zmierzają do oszacowania zależności procesowych koniecznych do ujęcia w przyszłym algorytmie weryfikacji wtryskiwaczy.
EN
Diesel engine ecological parameters greatly depend on the course of the combustion process. An appropriate course of this process is conditional upon a proper mixture formation in the combustion chamber i.e. charge swirl and fuel atomization. The swirl of the charge results from the adopted design of the intake manifold, geometrical parameters of the combustion chamber and engine speed. The fuel atomization depends on the injection parameter and the conditions of the injector itself, particularly its nozzle. To date, the issue of a clear evaluation of the injector ability of obtaining appropriate atomization parameters remains unresolved. The paper presents the concept and the results of its validation based on the preliminary tests of fuel atomization in open space with the use of vibroacoustic processes. The authors are currently working on applying a concept enabling an evaluation of the injector applicability based on the vibroacoustic parameters resulting from the injection of fuel. The paper presents a fragment of the works related to the verification of the vibrations of the reaction sleeve triggered by the impinging atomized fuel spray at various fuel pressures in the fuel system. The actions aim at evaluating the process relations necessary for the future algorithm of fuel injector verification.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy możliwości poprawy rozpylenia biopaliw rzepakowych – brano pod uwagę nieprzetworzony olej rzepakowy oraz estry metylowe kwasów tłuszczowych oleju rzepakowego, a rezultaty odniesiono do paliwa konwencjonalnego. W badaniach wykorzystano dwa rozpylacze różniące się liczbą otworków rozpylających i ich średnicą. Wtrysk paliwa był rejestrowany za pomocą systemu EVS 513D (Engine Video System) produkcji AVL, co pozwoliło na szczegółową analizę procesu. W analizie wyników brano pod uwagę zasięg strugi, kąt rozwarcia stożka strugi, powierzchnię strugi oraz ich warstwice.
EN
The subject of this paper is an analysis of the possible improvement in the spraying process of biofuels – unprocessed rape oil and fatty acid methyl esters were taken into consideration, and obtained results were related to conventional fuel. Two types of nozzles, which have a different in number of holes and its diameters, were used during investigation. Fuel injection was recorded thanks to EVS 513D (Engine Video System) by AVL, which allows to detailed analysis of process. During such analysis penetration of the fuel stream, fuel stream’s angle, fuel stream’s surface and contour lines of fuel stream were taken into consideration.
17
Content available remote Wpływ temperatury formy na właściwości kompozytów poliamidowych
PL
W ramach prac związanych z optymalizacją procesu wtrysku kompozytów poliamid-6/montmorylonit (PA-6/MMT) zbadano wpływ temperatury formy na gęstość i wybrane właściwości mechaniczne otrzymanych wyprasek. Przeprowadzono badania twardości oraz udarności metodą Izoda otrzymanych materiałów w oparciu o poliamid-6 (PA-6).
EN
Each varying parameter which can contribute to the quality of received applications plays an important role in the processing of polymer materials. The influence of mold temperature on the molded parts’ properties and density was investigated during the optimization of injection molding process parameters of polyamide-6 (PA-6) as well as polyamide-6/montmorillonite (PA-6/MMT) composites. The hardness and Izod notched impact strength were determined for the obtained PA-6-based materials.
EN
Diesel engine ecological parameters greatly depend on the course of the combustion process. An appropriate course of this process is conditional upon a proper mixture formation in the combustion chamber i.e. charge swirl and fuel atomization. The swirl of the charge results from the adopted design of the intake manifold, geometrical parameters of the combustion chamber and engine speed. The fuel atomization depends on the injection parameter and the conditions of the injector itself, particularly its nozzle. To date, the issue of a clear evaluation of the injector ability of obtaining appropriate atomization parameters remains unresolved. The paper presents the concept and the results of its validation based on the preliminary tests of fuel atomization in open space with the use of vibroacoustic processes.
EN
The results of the studies on the synthesis, mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene composites with various amount of halloysite filler are presented. Halloysite (HNT) belongs to the silica type characterized by a two-layer 1:1 structure. This work was aimed to develop a method for the modification of halloysite in its prime use as a filler for polypropylene by extrusion. The composites contain 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt.% of HNT. The degree of crystallinity of the composites decrease with increasing halloysite content. The results confirm the expectations that composites of interesting physicochemical, mechanical and thermal properties can be obtained. The mechanical properties studied show that the filler modification method used leads to the synthesis of polymer composites of improved thermal and mechanical properties.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy badań wtrysku benzyny w aspekcie wpływu czasu przerwy między kolejnymi dawkami paliwa na ich interakcje. Przeprowadzono badania zasięgu strugi paliwa z wtryskiem dwuczęściowym w różnych odstępach czasu, takich aby wtrysk kolejnej porcji paliwa swoim zasięgiem obejmował porcję pierwszą. W tym celu określono zasięg oraz powierzchnię zajmowaną przez strugi paliwa. Przeprowadzono analizę koncentracji paliwa w przekrojach strugi: pojedynczej oraz tzw. kumulowanej, wynikającej z wtrysku dodatkowej porcji paliwa. Badania przeprowadzono dla zróżnicowanych wartości: wielkości dawki paliwa, ciśnienia paliwa oraz odstępów czasowych między kolejnymi porcjami paliwa. Wykorzystanie metod optycznych pozwoliło na określenie mechanizmów działających w strudze paliwa podczas wtrysku wieloczęściowego.
EN
The experimental and numerical investigations of a multiple gasoline injection in the aspect of the influence of the injection dwell time on the interactions between the fuel doses have been discussed in the paper. The fuel spray penetration has been analyzed at a two-stage injection of different dwell times ensuring that the injection of the second fuel dose covered the area already occupied by the first one. To this end, the fuel spray penetration and area occupied by the spray were determined. The analysis of the fuel concentration in the fuel spray cross section has been performed (single and cumulative fuel spray the latter resulting from the overlapping injection of an additional fuel portion). The utilization of optical methods in the investigations allowed determining of the mechanisms governing inside the fuel spray during a multiple injection.
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