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1

Manufacturing and characterization of gellan gum – zinc oxide composites as potential biomaterials for wound treatment

Macyk Alicja, Kusibab Anna, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 168

2--8

EN

This study aimed to produce gellan gum-based hydrogels with the addition of zinc oxide as a potential dressing material. Hydrogels with ZnO concentrations of 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% were prepared, micrometric and nanometric ZnO particles were used, and a CaCl2 crosslinker was added to one part of the samples. All samples (14 types) produced by the freeze drying method were characterized with high swelling properties (>2000%), what is important to ensure the absorption of exudates from wounds. Samples with ZnO particles cross-linked with CaCl2 lost less mass after incubation in aqueous media and were characterized by better dimensional stability than those without crosslinking. The pH of the extracts of the samples containing ZnO particles was more neutral (pH 7.0-7.6) than that of the control gellan gum samples (pH of 5.5-6.1). The zinc release from cross-linked samples was twice as high for those containing nanometric particles than for micrometric particles (1.94 ± 0.04 mg/l and 0.93 ± 0.02, respectively). Relatively large amounts of released zinc species in the case of samples containing ZnO nanoparticles are promising in the context of the antibacterial properties and treatment of infected wounds. A lower amount of zinc released from samples with ZnO microparticles could be sufficient to prevent the development of the infection. Furthermore, both materials show satisfactory cytocompatibility with L929 fibroblasts, as shown by Alamar blue and live/dead viability tests, making them prospective candidates for wound healing

2

Curcumin delivery systems as dressing components for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: test on macrophages polarization

Wójcik Karolina, Kusibab Anna, Sousa Ana Beatriz, Barbosa Judite Novais, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 168

15--24

EN

The natural wound healing process consists of four basic phases: homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Macrophages play an important role in the body’s response to biomaterials, as they are modulators of the wound healing process and can polarize into different phenotypes capable of inducing both deleterious and beneficial effects on tissue repair. Curcumin (CU) is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and has the potential to treat diabetic foot ulcers, but it should be delivered to wounds in a controlled manner. In this study, the encapsulation of curcumin in polymeric microparticles based on poly(sebacic anhydride) (PSA) was developed using an emulsification method. PSA-based microparticles containing different concentrations of CU were obtained: 0% weight (wt). CU (unloaded microparticles), 5, 10, and 20 wt% CU. CU encapsulation efficiency and loading were determined using a fluorescence-based calibration curve method and semi-quantitative Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The potential cytotoxicity of the obtained biomaterials in contact with primary human macrophages and their susceptibility to polarization from the M1 (pro-inflammatory) phenotype to the M2 (antiinflammatory) phenotype were evaluated. The morphology of cells cultured in contact with polymeric microparticles was evaluated using phalloidin red and 4′,6-diamidino2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Macrophage phenotype was assessed using flow cytometry. The obtained biomaterials showed no cytotoxic effect on primary human macrophages. Flow cytometry studies showed enhanced polarization of macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype when exposed to microparticles loaded with CU and CU powder as compared to unloaded microparticles

3

Composites based on polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, and curcumin for wound healing applications

Tahir Muhammad, Vicini Silvia, Sionkowska Alina

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2022

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vol. 25, no. 167

10--16

EN

Natural polymers, like chitosan, collagen, and alginate, offer promising solutions for wound healing. Derived from natural sources, they exhibit biocompatibility and bioactivity, promoting tissue regeneration. These polymers can form scaffolds or dressings that accelerate wound closure while reducing infection risks. Their inherent properties make them promising options in the quest for effective wound care materials. In this work, composites based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (Chi), and curcumin (Cur) were prepared. PVA, a synthetic water-soluble polymer, finds extensive use in biomedical and wound-healing applications. It is approved by the U.S. FDA for cosmetic, medical, and wound healing products. Chi, a polysaccharide, is widely used in biomedicine and possesses antibacterial properties. Both PVA and chitosan are biocompatible and exhibit good filming characteristics. Curcumin (Cur) with antibacterial and antioxidant properties is being explored for regenerative medicine. PVA, chitosan, and curcumin were blended. The structure was studied by FTIR, microscopic observations were done with optical and scanning electron microscopes, and the mechanical properties were assessed. FTIR revealed component interactions, while microscopy showed a flat film surface. The polymeric blend (PVA/Chi/Cur) had a Young’s modulus of 1.49 GPa, tensile strength of 47.69 MPa, stress value of 8.39 N, and 35.34% elongation at break. These properties make the blend suitable for consideration in wound healing applications.

4

Fabrication and Characterization of Fibrous Polycaprolactone Blended with Natural Green Tea Extracts Using Dual Solvent Systems

Mohd Rashid Ainatul Aqilah Binti, Jaganathan Saravana Kumar, Mohd Khudzari Ahmad Zahran, Ismail Ahmad Fauzi

Autex Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 4

404--410

EN

Nanofibrous dressings serve as an impeccable candidate in the management of wounds. Nanofibrous composites composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and green tea using dual solvent systems at different ratios were fabricated through electrospinning. Pure PCL electrospun fibers along with composites were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wettability, water uptake analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM indicated that fibrous morphology and the diameter of PCL/green tea were smaller for chloroform/ dimethylformamide (DMF) (601 nm) and acetone/DMF (896 nm) than the pure PCL (673 nm and 1,104 nm for chloroform/DMF and acetone/DMF, respectively). Wettability of the fabricated composites was increased, and pure PCL fibers were slightly more hydrophobic (100°) than PCL/green tea (94°). Water uptake of the composites was enhanced compared with PCL significantly in acetone/DMF. The PCL/green tea nanofibrous wound dressing with enhanced physicochemical properties serves as an indispensable candidate for wound healing applications.

5

Bioactive curdlan/agarose dressing enriched with gentamicin for infected wounds – pilot studies

Wójcik Michał, Wilczyńska Anna, Vivcharenko Vladyslav, Kazimierczak Paulina, Adaszek Łukasz, Przekora Agata

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2021

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Vol. 24, no. 160

2--7

EN

The problem of treating chronic wounds is widespread throughout the world and carries a huge cost. Biomaterials engineering tries to solve this problem by creating innovative bioactive dressings dedicated to specific types of wounds. Both synthetic and natural polymers are the main base to produce wound dressings. Biopolymers have the advantage over synthetic polymers by being more biocompatible, non-toxic, biodegradable, and eco-friendly. The aim of this work was to produce a bioactive biomaterial based on natural polymers with potential applications to manage chronic highly exuding and infected wounds. A newly developed method for chemical synthesis of the curdlan/agarose biomaterial at high temperature combined with freeze-drying process resulted in a superabsorbent dressing material with antibiotic immobilized. The obtained biomaterial was subjected to basic microbiological in vitro tests and a cytotoxicity assay according to ISO 10993-5. Moreover, the experimental treatment of the infected wound in a veterinary patient was performed using the developed material. Based on the conducted research, it was proved that the produced dressing is not toxic to normal human skin fibroblasts. An additional advantage of the biomaterial is its ability to inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the experimental treatment confirmed the validity of using the produced biomaterial as a dressing dedicated to the treatment of difficult-to-heal infected wounds. To summarize, the produced biomaterial possesses great potential to be used as a wound dressing for infected wounds.

6

Dekstran i jego pochodne w inżynierii tkanek miękkich - opatrunki do leczenia ran trudno gojących się

Szafulera K.

Eliksir

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2016

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nr 1

32--37

7

Praktyczne aspekty zastosowania chityny i jej pochodnych w leczeniu ran

Skołucka-Szary K., Rieske P., Piaskowski S.

Chemik

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2016

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Vol. 70, nr 2

89--98

PL

Chityna jest polisacharydem o unikatowych właściwościach. W pracy zostały omówione właściwości biologiczne chityny, ograniczenia jej stosowania w przemyśle oraz kierunki modyfikacji chemicznej. Ze względu na rosnące zapotrzebowanie na nowoczesne materiały opatrunkowe, przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania chityny i jej dwóch najbardziej popularnych pochodnych: chitozanu i dibutyrylochityny, w praktyce klinicznej oraz scharakteryzowano komercyjnie dostępne opatrunki na bazie chityny i chitozanu.

EN

Chitin is a polysaccharide with unique properties. In this paper, we reviewed biological properties of chitin, limitations of its industrial applications and directions of its further chemical modifications. In view of growing demand for the modern wound dressing materials, we discussed potential clinical applications of chitin and its two most popular derivatives: chitosan and dibutyryl chitin. In addition, we characterized commercially available chitin- and chitosan- based wound dressings.

8

Thermal Imaging in Wound Healing Diagnostics

Nowakowski A., Kaczmarek M., Moderhak M., Siondalski P., Woś Ł.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2015

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Vol. 61, No. 6

195--198

EN

Results of a project searching for objective, quantitative evaluation of postoperative wound healing in cardiosurgery are presented. We propose simple thermal models of the healing processes after cardiosurgery interventions as objective descriptors allowing classification of patients for extraction and following recovery at home or for prolonged treatment in a hospital. Classification of healing as the normal process or as a process with complications is possible based on temporal changes of proposed thermal descriptors.

9

The influence of ambient temperature on foot temperature in patients with diabetic foot ulceration

Foltyński P., Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B., Ładyżyński P., Wójcicki J. M., Karnafel W.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 34, no. 3

178--183

EN

Background: Patients with diabetic neuropathy exhibit a higher foot temperature than those without neuropathy and they are at risk for foot ulceration. Ambient temperature and foot ulceration additionally influence foot temperature in such patients. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of ambient temperature on foot temperature in patients with an ulcer on one of the feet. Methods: Miniature temperature data loggers were used for the monitoring of foot skin and ambient temperature. Twenty patients with diabetic neuropathy and ten healthy subjects were monitored for about 24 h each. Results: The temperature of the foot with an ulcer correlates significantly with ambient temperature, with the slope of the regression line of 0.09. The temperature of the non-ulcerated foot also correlates significantly with ambient temperature, with the slope of 0.31, however the correlation coefficient and the slope are significantly higher than in the case of the foot with an ulcer. The difference of temperature of the foot with an ulcer and temperature of the foot without an ulcer correlates well with ambient temperature with the slope of _0.219. The temperatures of left and right feet were studied as a function of ambient temperature in healthy individuals and there were no statistically significant differences between correlation coefficients and slopes. Conclusions: It is apparent that ambient temperature influences foot temperature even during foot ulceration. Thus ambient temperature should be taken into consideration in any application when foot temperatures are important, especially in the prediction of diabetic foot ulceration.

10

Własna metoda cyfrowej dokumentacji stanu miejscowego owrzodzeń żylnych podudzi

Waniczek D. A., Buda K. K., Rudzki M. K., Jurkiewicz A.

Journal of Ecology and Health

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2012

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R. 16, nr 2

84-92

PL

Nieregularność kształtu owrzodzeń oraz ich umiejscowienie na zakrzywionej powierzchni goleni są przyczyną dużych trudności pomiarowych. Celem pracy jest opracowanie własnej metody cyfrowej dokumentacji stanu miejscowego owrzodzeń żylnych goleni. Opracowana metoda obejmuje własną technikę fotografowania rany, obróbki cyfrowej uzyskanych obrazów oraz własną metodę pomiaru pola powierzchni z przetworzonego cyfrowo obrazu przy pomocy programu "Pole". W pracy dokonano kontrolnej analizy dokładności odwzorowania owrzodzeń oraz dokładności pomiaru pola ich powierzchni zaproponowaną metodą własną. Wyniki analizy wykazały wysoką precyzję pomiaru wielkości owrzodzenia naszą metodą oraz dowiodły, że umożliwia ona obiektywną ocenę zmian pola powierzchni i wyglądu rany.

EN

Venous ulcers are usually flat wounds of varying size and irregular shape. One of the important elements included in the documentation of venous ulcer treatment is the size of their surface area. Consecutive measurements of the area are the basis for assessing progress in treatment. The irregular shape and location of venous ulcers on a curved surface are the main causes of difficulties in their measurement. The aim of the study was to elaborate the author's own method of digitally recording the local state of venous leg ulcers. The elaborated method involves the author's own method of photographing the wound, digitally processing the obtained images, and the author's own method of measuring the surface area directly from the digitally processed image using the computer program "Field". In the study an analysis of the imaging accuracy of a leg ulcer and the measuring accuracy of the surface area using the author's own method was carried out. Results of the analysis proved the high precision of the author's own method of venous ulcers size measurement and showed that the method enables an objective assessment of the appearance of the wound and changes to the surface area.

11

Comparison of the wound area assessment methods in the diabetic foot syndrome

Molik M., Foltyński P., Ładyżyński P., Tarwacka J., Migalska-Musiał K., Ciechanowska A., Sabalińska S., Młynarczuk M., Wójcicki J. M., Krzymień J., Karnafel W.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 30, no. 4

3-15

EN

The paper presents results of comparison of the wound area assessment methods in the diabetic foot syndrome (DFS). Wound size is a basic parameter that is used to evaluate efficacy of the applied treatment. Four measurement methods were used: the rulers, the planimetric Visitrak (Smith & Nephew, England), the Silhouette (Aranz Medical, New Zealand) applying lasers, digital photography and planimetry as well as the patient's module of TeleDiaFoS telecare system with the foot scanning capabilities. Study group consisted of 18 DFS patients. Nineteen wounds were successfully measured with all 4 methods. The results of the Visitrak and the Silhouette can be used interehangeably (r = 0.994, slope = 1.01, intercept = 0.154 cm2). For the other systems strong linear relationships exist that can be used to convert the wound area measured with one method to the corresponding value of another method. The correlation coefficients higher than 0.985 were obtained in ease of 3 systems: Visitrak, Silhouette and TeleDiaFoS. The TeleDiaFoS system can provide a physician with the patient-self-taken wound images that can be used for reliable assessment of the wound healing process during home tele-monitoring of the DFS patients.

12

Novel Dressing Materials Accelerating Wound Healing Made from Dibutyrylchitin

Chilarski A., Szosland L., Krucińska I., Kiekens P., Błasińska A., Schoukens G., Cisło R., Szumilewicz J.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2007

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Vol. 15, no. 4 (63)

77--81

EN

Dibutyrylchitin (DBC), a soluble chitin derivative, is a polymer with confirmed biological properties. DBC was obtained in the reaction of shrimp chitin with butyric anhydride, carried out under heterogeneous condition, in which perchloric acid was used as a catalyst of reaction. Production of DBC batches was carried out on a half - technical scale line. DBC parties were examined by infrared spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography and viscometry. DBC with molar mass of 132×103 daltons was used for the manufacturing of DBC fibres and DBC non-woven materials. DBC non-woven fabrics after γ-sterilisation were applied to a group of nine patients with different indications. DBC dressing materials were used exluding the use of other medical products. Satisfactory results of wound healing were achieved in most cases, especially in cases of burn wounds and postoperative/posttraumatic wounds and various other conditions causing skin/epidermis loss.

PL

Dibutyrylochityna (DBC) jest polimerem, którego korzystny wpływ na organizm żywy wykazano w badaniach biologicznych. Jest rozpuszczalną, estrową pochodną chityny pozyskiwanej z różnorodnych źródeł, stosunkowo łatwą do przetworzenia w procesach technologicznych. Do celów pracy syntezę DBC prowadzono na skale większą od laboratoryjnej, zgodnie z patentem polskim. Z otrzymanego polimeru, o masie molowej 132 kDa, wytworzono włókna a z nich włókniny. Sterylizowane płatki włóknin aplikowano na rany o różnej etiologii bez stosowania dodatkowych leków. W większości przypadków zaobserwowano korzystny wpływ dibutyrylochityny na proces gojenia ran. W żadnym z przypadków nie stwierdzono niekorzystnych zmian.

13

Wound Healing Acceleration by a Textile Dressing Containing Dibutyrylchitin and Chitin

Pielka S., Paluch D., Staniszewska-Kuś J., Żywicka B., Solski L., Szosland L., Czarny A., Zaczyńska E.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2003

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Vol. 11, no. 2 (41)

79--84

EN

New textile dressings containing dibutyrylchitin (DBCH) or regenerated chitin (RC) were prepared in the process of coating a trade polypropylene non-woven material with films of DBCH or RC. The dry dressing material contained ca. 40% of DBCH and 30% of RC. The dressings obtained were cut into pieces of 5×5 cm, sterilised by ethylene oxide and then subjected to biological evaluation required for medical devices. The evaluation included cytotoxicity effects, levels of cytokines TNF-α and IFNs, synthesis of nitrogen oxides (NO2/NO3), intracutaneous irritation, and the influence of full thickness skin lesions on the healing process.DBCH and RC caused no cytotoxic effects or primary irritation either in vitro or in vivo, nor did the activity of TNF-α, IFNs or the nitrogen oxide levels increase, and both had a positive influence on the wound healing process. Both dibutyrylchitin and regenerated chitin used for coating trade polypropylene non-woven material can be regarded as valuable dressing materials that accelerate wound healing.

PL

Nowe materiały opatrunkowe zawierające dibutyrylochitynę (DBCH) lub regenerowaną chitynę (RC) otrzymano w procesie powlekania handlowej włókniny PP warstwą DBCH lub RC. Otrzymane suche materiały opatrunkowe zawierały 40% DBCH lub 30% RC. Celem sprawdzenia możliwości ich zastosowania w medycynie materiały te, pocięte na kwadraty o wymiarach 5 x 5 cm i wysterylizowane dwutlenkiem etylenu, poddano badaniom biologicznym takim jak badania: działania cytotoksycznego, poziomu cytokin TNF i IFN, syntezy tlenków azotu N02/N03, śródskórnego działania drażniącego oraz wpływu na gojenie się ubytków skóry pełnej grubości. W wyniku tych badań, przeprowadzonych in vitro i in vivo stwierdzono, że opracowane materiały nie wywołują działania cytotoksycznego i pierwotnego działania drażniącego, nie powodują wzrostu aktywności TNF i INF oraz poziomu tlenków azotu, a ponadto aktywnie wpływają na proces gojenia się ran. Na tej podstawie uważa się, że zarówno dibutyrylochityna jak i regenerowana chityna mogą stanowić bardzo wartościowy materiał opatrunkowy przyśpieszający gojenie się ran.