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Risk and quality management in maritime transport of live animals – Analysis of EU regulations and challenges in occupational safety and animal welfare

Pilarczyk Maria, Ulewicz Robert

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

2025

nr 82 (154)

48--57

The aim of this article is to identify and assess environmental, organizational, and technical risks associated with the maritime transport of live animals, with a particular emphasis on their impact on the quality of transport processes, animal welfare, and the occupational health and safety of ship crews. Despite the existence of European Union regulations such as Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/372, which establish minimum standards for space, ventilation, access to water, contingency planning, and port infrastructure, significant shortcomings in the organization and quality of transport persist in practice. Inadequate onboard infrastructure, failures of ventilation, feeding and watering systems, and overcrowding lead to stress, dehydration, and disease in animals, which increase the risk of injuries. At the same time, crew members are exposed to harmful factors such as toxic gases, animal waste, slippery surfaces, and extreme temperatures. Poorly organized loading and unloading procedures further escalate the risk of accidents and negatively affect the quality of service provided during transport. This article proposes quality-oriented management actions to improve transport safety and animal welfare, such as the implementation of advanced monitoring technologies, mandatory presence of animal welfare specialists on board, regular technical inspections of vessels, and systematic training for crew members.