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Microservice-Oriented Workload Prediction Using Deep Learning

Ştefan Sebastian, Niculescu Virginia

e-Informatica Software Engineering Journal

2022

Vol. 16, nr 1

art. no. 220107

Background: Service oriented architectures are becoming increasingly popular due to their flexibility and scalability which makes them a good fit for cloud deployments. Aim: This research aims to study how an efficient workload prediction mechanism for a practical proactive scaler, could be provided. Such a prediction mechanism is necessary since in order to fully take advantage of on-demand resources and reduce manual tuning, an auto-scaling, preferable predictive, approach is required, which means increasing or decreasing the number of deployed services according to the incoming workloads. Method: In order to achieve the goal, a workload prediction methodology that takes into account microservice concerns is proposed. Since, this should be based on a performant model for prediction, several deep learning algorithms were chosen to be analysed against the classical approaches from the recent research. Experiments have been conducted in order to identify the most appropriate prediction model. Results: The analysis emphasises very good results obtained using the MLP (MultiLayer Perceptron) model, which are better than those obtained with classical time series approaches, with a reduction of the mean error prediction of 49%, when using as data, two Wikipedia traces for 12 days and with two different time windows: 10 and 15min. Conclusion: The tests and the comparison analysis lead to the conclusion that considering the accuracy, but also the computational overhead and the time duration for prediction, MLP model qualifies as a reliable foundation for the development of proactive microservice scaler applications.

Deep Bi-Directional LSTM Networks for Device Workload Forecasting

Ruta Dymitr, Cen Ling, Vu Quang Hieu

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

2020

Vol. 21

115--118

Deep convolutional neural networks revolutionized the area of automated objects detection from images. Can the same be achieved in the domain of time series forecasting? Can one build a universal deep network that once trained on the past would be able to deliver accurate predictions reaching deep into the future for any even most diverse time series? This work is a first step in an attempt to address such a challenge in the context of a FEDCSIS'2020 Competition dedicated to network device workload prediction based on their historical time series data. We have developed and pre-trained a universal 3-layer bi-directional Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) regression network that reported the most accurate hourly predictions of the weekly workload time series from the thousands of different network devices with diverse shape and seasonality profiles. We will also show how intuitive human-led post-processing of the raw LSTM predictions could easily destroy the generalization abilities of such prediction model.