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1
Content available remote Elastyczne ogniwa fotowoltaiczne na bazie materiałów dwuwymiarowych i ich hybryd
PL
Elektrody w elastycznych ogniwach fotowoltaicznych wymagają zastosowania materiałów charakteryzujących się przezroczystością, przewodnością i elastycznością. Wszystkie te cechy wydaje się spełniać grafen, w oparciu o który udało nam się skonstruować anodę. Pokazujemy, że zwiększenie pracy wyjścia grafenu możliwe było dzięki dodatkowej warstwie tlenków molibdenu lub renu oraz że pojedyncza warstwa krystaliczna MoO3-x może podnieść pracę wyjścia grafenu dzięki czemu istnieje realna szansa na jego zastosowanie w elektronice.
EN
The electrodes used for flexible photovoltaic cells require materials that are transparent, conductive and flexible. All these features seem to be met by graphene, on the basis of which we were able to construct the anode. Here we show that increase of the graphene work function is possible using an additional layer of molybdenum or rhenium oxides. Moreover, we show that a single crystalline layer of MoO3-x can increase the work function of the graphene. In consequence there is a real chance for practical applications of graphene in electronics.
2
Content available remote Teoretyczne i praktyczne aspekty elektryzacji ziaren przez tarcie
PL
Proces elektryzowania ziaren mieszanin proszkowych jest pierwszym etapem ich elektroseparacji. W pracy analizowano teoretyczne aspekty procesu nabywania ładunku przez ziarna w trakcie kontaktu z elektryzatorem. Przedstawiono model umożliwiający dobór materiału elektryzatora w zależności od pracy wyjścia zarówno ziaren jak i elektryzatora. Rozpatrzono kilka przypadków granicznych. Przedstawiono również stanowisko badawcze do pomiaru ładunku nabytego przez ziarna w procesie ich elektryzowania w cyklonie. Uzyskane badania eksperymentalne potwierdzają wnioski wynikające z zaproponowanego modelu teoretycznego. Potwierdzają też przydatność cyklonu do elektryzacji ziaren. Pozwala on bowiem na uzyskiwanie znacznych wartości ładunków w porównaniu z innymi urządzeniami (np. wibrującymi płytami).
EN
Process of the charges generation on particles is the first stage of electroseparation of granular mixtures. In the article, the influence of some essential parameters for generating charges has been analyzed. The article presents model that let select the energiser’s material depending on work function of both particles and energiser itself. Several borderline cases were considered. A test stand for measuring the charge accumulated by grain in the cyclone is presented. Obtained experimental studies confirm the conclusions derived from theoretical model. The usefulness of the cyclone for grain’s electrification is confirmed as well. The device allows to reach significant electric charge compared to other equipment (e.g.: vibrating tables).
3
Content available remote Electron work functions of (h k l)-surfaces of W, Re, and Cu crystals
EN
Work function (WF) and some physicochemical data for several most prominent crystal planes of three metals of typical structures are calculated within the linear approximation employing the surface dipole and 2D gas models. “Composite” crystal of a homogeneous bulk phase and a thick surface composed of eight (h k l)-oriented facets with different unsaturated bonds is treated as a nine-phase nine-component system with two degrees of freedom. It contains the two-dimensional metal-lattice plasma of free electrons and the immobile atom-core network. For twenty four (h k l) surfaces, the WF and dipole barrier term, chemical and electrostatic potential levels, electron charge densities, surface dipole fields, and other parameters are calculated and tabularized. WF values obtained from the thermodynamics based formula are compared to the ones obtained from the quantum mechanics based formula, which shows good agreement with experiment and also reveals a specific deviation in the case of field emission method for the most packed plane. A set of accurate face dependent data can be of interest to electronics and materials science workers.
EN
Metal-lattice plasma is treated as a neutral two-component two-phase system of 2D surface and 3D bulk. Free electron density and bulk chemical potential are used as intensive parameters of the system with the phase boundary position determined in the crystalline lattice. A semiempirical expression for the electron screened electrostatic potential is constructed using the lattice-plasma polarization concept. It comprises an image term and three repulsion/attraction terms of second and fourth orders. The novel curve has two extremes and agrees with certain theoretical forms of potential. A practical formula for the electron work function of metals and a simplified schema of electronic structure at the metal/vacuum interface are proposed. This yields 10.44 eV for the Fermi energy of free electron gas; ~5.817 eV for the Fermi energy level; 4.509 eV for the average work function of bcc tungsten. Selected data are also given for fcc Cu and hcp Re. For harmonic frequencies 10E16 per s of the self-excited metal-lattice plasma, energy gaps of 14.54 and 8.02 eV are found, which correspond to the bulk and surface plasmons, respectively. Further extension of this thermodynamics and metal-lattice theory based approach may contribute to a better understanding of theoretical models which are employed in chemical physics, catalysis and materials science of nanostructures.
EN
The article uses the analytical equation for the work function of metals, made by one of the authors, to study the structure of aluminum alloys, which are increasingly used in the shipbuilding industry. For example, of selected alloys Al-Cu, Al-Ta and Al-Ti are presented graphically changes in work function depending on the percentage composition of the alloy. Also presented an equation that allows to evaluate the work function for multicomponent alloys.
EN
A simple analytical expression for the work function is derived on the basis of nonlocal potential and the nearest neighbor approximation (NNA). It allows to establish a direct connection between the ionization energy of atoms and their corresponding metallic crystal (work function). In consequence we can determine the screening parameter for alkali metals.
PL
Na podstawie nielokalnego potencjału oraz przybliżenia najbliższego sąsiada (NNA) uzyskujemy proste analityczne wyrażenie na pracę wyjścia. Pozwala ono ustalić bezpośrednią relację pomiędzy energią jonizacji atomu a odpowiadającą jej dla sieci krystalicznej pracą wyjścia. W rezultacie możemy wyznaczyć parametr ekranowania dla metali alkaicznych.
PL
Pracę wyjścia stopu 75W25Re zmierzono metodą termoemisji wspomaganą komputerową symulacją żarzenia katody wykonanej z drutu badanego stopu. Otrzymane wartości zależały od temperatury metalu, co związane było z uwalnianiem się zaadsorbowanych atomów tlenu z powierzchni, które zwiększały pracę wyjścia. Najniższą wartość 4,7 eV otrzymano dla najwyższej temperatury 2550K. Obliczona na podstawie modelu sił zwierciadlanych wartość pracy wyjścia wynosi 4,65 eV. Dodatkowo dla badanego stopu otrzymano zależność oporu właściwego od temperatury, która była niezbędna do wyznaczenia pracy wyjścia.
EN
Work function of 75W25Re alloy has been determined by the thermionic emission method aided by computer simulation of resistance heating of a cathode made of a piece of the alloy wire. The obtained values were temperature dependent, which was due to desorption of oxygen atoms which enhanced work function. The lowest value of 4,7 eV was obtained for the highest temperature of 2550K. The calculated value on the basis of image force model is 4,65 eV. In addition the resistivity as a function of temperature, knowledge of which was necessary for work function determination, has been determined for this alloy.
8
EN
Effect of potassium stabilization in K2Fe22O34, the principal phase of styrene catalyst is caused by doping Cr and Ce. The effect was investigated by means of potassium ion and neutral atom thermal desorption. The kinetics for K+ and K emission from undoped and Ce-, Cr-doped b-K2Fe22O34 is studied with the field reversal technique and steady-state mode in high vacuum conditions. Two main mechanisms of the stabilization were developed depending on the dopant location. Chromium is located in the structure of β-ferrite and slows down the diffusion potassium ion. Cerium segregated at the basal planes favoring the cationic state of potassium inhibits the probability of potassium atoms to leave the K2Fe22O34 surface via work function increase.
PL
W pracy badano nanostruktury tlenku cynku otrzymano metodą z kąpieli chemicznej CBD (Chemical Bath Deposition). Wyznaczono potencjał powierzchniowy sondą Kelvina otrzymanych warstw. Analiza wyników wykazała silny wpływ mikrostruktury tlenku cynku na ilość stanów pułapkowych na jego powierzchni. Mapy rozkładu potencjału powierzchniowego wskazują na to, iż przygotowane nanostruktury nie posiadają znacznych defektów w skali makro.
EN
In this paper we present the chemical bath deposition method for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructures. The obtained structures have been characterized by using a Scanning Kelvin Probe. The results revealed a strong dependence of energy levels at the surface on the microstructure. 2D seans of the surface potential show that the prepared layers don't have any significant macro defects.
EN
Many oxides are applied as a catalysts for commercially important processes. Recently, decomposition of nitrous oxide into nitrogen and oxygen have became a topic of vital interest for catalytic chemistry. Two possible ways of deN2O reaction, low temperature and high-temperature, can be distinguished. Promising results were obtained for spinel oxides which contained cobalt. Because of cationic redox route, triggered by electron transfer, of N2O decomposition over these oxides, investigation of their electronic properties was justifi ed. Th erefore the work function measurements, using Kelvin method were carried out. Moreover in-situ monitoring of processes occurred at catalyst’s surface was performed using mass spectrometry.
PL
Opisano sposób wyznaczania pracy wyjścia dla metali trudnotopliwych za pomocą metody termoemisyjnej wspieranej przez symulację komputerową żarzenia włókna metalicznego. W eksperymencie żarzono w próżni krótkie odcinki drutu otoczone spiralną anodą. Dokonując pomiarów natężeń prądu termoemisji i porównując je z uzyskanymi przy pomocy symulacji wyznaczono prace wyjścia dla stopów Re47.5Mo52.5 i Hf97.2Zr2.8. Otrzymane wartości wynoszą 4,23 i 3,6 eV, odpowiednio.
EN
A new variety of thermionic method for determining the work function (WF) is described. Thermionic current which flows from electrically heated short filament toto spiral anode, voltage drop along the filament and temperature of the filament ends are measured, whereas temperature distribution along the filament and WFs are obtained by computer simulation. The WFs obtained for Re47.5Mo52.5 and Hf97.2Zr2.8 alloys are 4.23 and 3.6 eV, respectively.
PL
Przedstawiono metody pomiarowe parametrów powierzchniowych. Określono kontaktową różnicę potencjałów i pracę wyjścia. Określono zależności między tymi wielkościami. Omówiono metody pomiaru bezwzględnej wartości pracy wyjścia i sposoby jego przeprowadzenia. Podano i omówiono metody pomiaru względnej wartości pracy wyjścia. Pracę zakończono przykładami pomiarów i obliczeń omawianych (dyskutowanych) wielkości fizycznych powierzchni.
EN
In this paper we present the measurement methods of the surface parameters. We define contact potential difference, work function, and relationship between them. The measurement methods of the absolute value of work function are presented. We also describe the measurement methods of the relative value of work function. The paper contains numerical examples of the measurements of the physical concepts presented in this paper.
13
Content available remote 100 Years of Work Function
EN
This paper traces early inquires on the nature of the work function (WF). Much attention was paid to the papers published by Einstein (1905), Richardson (1901), Jentzsch (1908), Debye (1910), Schottky (1914) and Langmuir (1916). Those authors assumed that the image force, introduced already by Thomson for macroscopic bodies, may be the main reason for the barrier at the metal surface. The formula derived by Schottky (1914) is still used for calculation of the lowering of the surface barrier in presence of an external electric field. In further development of surface physics, however, much emphasis was paid to the role of a dipole layer. However, at the end of 20th century the idea of the image potential as the main contribution to WF was restored by Brodie (1995) and subsequently improved by Halas and Durakiewicz (1998). In these theories a distance d from which the image force can be integrated is found from the uncertainty principle and from the length of spontaneous metallic plasma polarization, respectively. The last approach has appeared to be very useful in calculation of WF of conducting compounds and ionization potentials of metallic clusters.
EN
The photoelectron emission (PE) from the cathode surface of a hollow cathode discharge (HCD) with a sub-breakdown bias applied, and hence no discharge present, was measured within the framework of an optogalvanic (OG) experimental arrangement. The work function dependence on the applied sub-breakdown voltage was investigated. The PE component in a real OG measurement was found to manifest itself as an instrumental effect together with nonresonant ionization which we call here space ionization (SP). The convolution of these components was determined experimentally as an instrumental function. A deconvolution procedure to determine the actual OG signal was developed.
EN
High-resolution photoemission yield spectroscopy (PYS) has been used to study the electronic properties of space charge layer of the real GaAs(100) surface cleaned by atomic hydrogen. The ionization energy, work function and interface Fermi level position were determined as a function of hydrogen dose. Moreover, the evolution of effective density of filled electronic states localized in the band gap and in the upper part of the valence band was observed. Our experiments showed that for the hydrogen dose up to 10 4 L H 2 the contamination etching stage occurs for which the interface Fermi level position E
16
Content available remote Mieszkanie a praca
17
Content available remote Application of quasiparticles theory and Fourier analysis in photoelectric effect
EN
The interaction of electromagnetic waves with metal surface is analyzed in terms of electron waves and quasiparticles theory. Then a general relation between frequency and wavelength for excitations in condensed systems is obtained. It is shown how the work function for any metal depends on electron density and Fourier transform of potential due to a single electron. The effect of different factors on change of the work function value is considered
18
Content available remote Design of selective layers for solid state electrochemical gas sensors
EN
Conducting polymers offer a possibility for developing material properties that are critical to the sensitivity, selectivity and fabrication of potentiometric solid state gas sensors. The formation of charge transfer complex between the gaseous species and the semiconducting material results in chemical modulation of the work function of the polymer. Methods of primary doping of the conducting polymers that lead to a stable and adjustable value of the work function will be discussed using polyaniline as an example.
PL
Polimery przewodzące dają możliwość poprawienia tych właściwości materiałów, które decydują o czułości, selektywności oraz mają istotne znaczenie przy preparowaniu potencjometrycznych stałych sensorów na gaz. Tworzenie kompleksów z przeniesieniem ładunku między cząsteczkami gazu i półprzewodzącym materiałem prowadzi do zmian w funkcji pracy polimeru. W pracy przedyskutowano, na przykładzie polianiliny, metody domieszkowania przewodzących polimerów, które umożliwiają regulowanie i stabilizowanie wartości funkcji pracy.
EN
Surface electrical potential of yttria-doped zirconia (10 mol %) was monitored using work function measurements in contact with gas phase of controlled oxygen partial pressure during heating and cooling at different rates in the temperature range 298-1173 K. The WF vs. temperature characteristics indicate that the oxygen/zirconia system assumes equilibrium above 1000 K. The effect of temperature on WF data is considered in terms of both oxygen chemisorption on zirconia and electronic structure of zirconia.
EN
This paper describes application of a high temperature Kelvin probe (HTKP) for studies of the outermost surface layer of materials and related charge transfers (at or in this layer) at elevated temperatures in the gas phase of controlled composition. Specifically, the paper considers application of the HTKP for surface monitoring of yttria-stabilized zirconia (10Y—ZrO(2) during isothermal oxidation at 1073 and 1173 K. The obtained work function (WF) data are discussed in terms of oxygen reactivity with zirconia involving (i) oxygen chemisorption and (ii) oxygen incorporation into the outermost surface layer.
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