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Rola wojsk specjalnych w konflikcie hybrydowym

Bielecka Justyna, Nowacki Gabriel

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 7-8

66--71

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie roli wojsk specjalnych w ewentualnym konflikcie hybrydowym. Konflikt ten jako kombinacja działań konwencjonalnych oraz nieregularnych, wymusza na środowisku międzynarodowe podjęcie działań zmierzających do opracowania nowego, szczegółowego oraz kompleksowego podejścia, zapewniającego bezpieczeństwo oraz stabilność. Niewątpliwie terroryzm jest głównym atrybutem w rękach podmiotu asymetrycznego. Asymetria jest narzędziem oraz siłą terrorystów oraz źródłem ich sukcesów. Nie jest związana z żadnymi ustępstwami czy koncesjami. Głównym celem działania jest maksymalizacja strat przeciwnika, zaś jedynym ograniczeniem przemocy stają się bariery technologiczne i organizacyjne. I właśnie na te zagrożenia reagują Wojska Specjalne, posiadające szczególne predyspozycje do zapobiegania, zwalczania oraz reagowania na zjawiska o charakterze hybrydowym.

EN

The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of special forces in possible hybrid conflict. This conflict, as a combination of conventional and irregular activities, forces the international environment to undertake activities aimed at developing a new, detailed and comprehensive approach, ensuring security and stability. Undoubtedly, terrorism is the main attribute in the hands of the asymmetrical subject. Asymmetry is the tool and strength of terrorists and the source of their successes. It is not associated with any concessions or concessions. The main objective of the action is to maximize the losses of the opponent, while the only limitation of the violence are technological and organizational barriers. And it is precisely these threats that are reacted by Special Forces with specific predispositions to prevent, combat and respond to hybrid phenomena.

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Polskie wojska specjalne 1951–1993

Kajetanowicz J.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2016

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Nr 2

63--78

PL

Do połowy lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku polskie wojska specjalne były intensywnie rozbudowywane w związku z planowanym ich użyciem w ewentualnej operacji zaczepnej Frontu Polskiego w ramach Zjednoczonych Sił Zbrojnych Układu Warszawskiego. Pododdziały tych wojsk ciągle udoskonalano pod względem organizacyjnym i szkoleniowym. Do ich uzbrojenia i wyposażenia wprowadzano broń najnowszego typu i nowoczesny sprzęt wojskowy. Wypracowywano efektywne formy ich wykorzystania w działaniach operacyjnych zarówno na skalę taktyczną, jak i operacyjno-strategiczną. Zakładano, że będą one prowadzić głównie działania z zakresu rozpoznania specjalnego. Przygotowywano je również do działań dywersyjno-sabotażowych, terrorystycznych i antyterrorystycznych, a także propagandowo-psychologicznych.

EN

The author discusses the activity of the Polish Special Forces in the years 1951-1993. They were intensively developed to the middle of the 1970s, in connection with the plan to use them in the possible offensive operation of the Polish front within the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization. Special Forces subunits were constantly perfected as regards their organization and training. They were armed with state-of-the-art weapons and provided with advanced military equipment. Effective forms of using the forces to carry out both tactical and operational/strategic tasks were developed. It was assumed that they would mainly undertake special reconnaissance activities. They were also prepared to carry out diversion/sabotage, terrorist and anti-terrorist, as well as persuasive/psychological activities.

3

Dowodzenie, planowanie i koordynacja powietrznych operacji specjalnych : perspektywa wojsk specjalnych

Klisz M.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych

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2013

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Nr 2

53--64

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu funkcjonowania wojsk specjalnych, głównie w odniesieniu do ich narodowej perspektywy. Autor, wskazując na światowe uwarunkowania i istniejące trendy w tym obszarze, odnosi się do analizy powietrznych operacji specjalnych, wskazując na typowe dla tego rodzaju sił zbrojnych zadania w operacji połączonej oraz sposób ich planowania, organizacji i zabezpieczenia. W artykule dość mocno zaakcentowano pewne niedostatki w obszarze wsparcia działań specjalnych, stąd tak szerokie omówienie struktur oraz dostępnych sił i środków, pozostających w dyspozycji komponentu wojsk specjalnych. Artykuł wskazuje na nowe obszary i perspektywy doskonalenia Sił Zbrojnych RP, aby mogły one efektywnie wykonywać zadania we współczesnych i przyszłych operacjach połączonych w aspekcie narodowym i sojuszniczym.

EN

The paper presents selected aspects of functioning of the special armed forces, mainly in relation to their national perspective. The author, by painting to the global trends and existing conditions in this area refers to the analysis of special air operations, indicating typical for this kind of armed forces tasks in joint operations and the ways of planning, organizing and supporting them. The article quite strongly highlights some shortcomings in the area of special operations support, hence such a broad overview of structures, as well as available forces and means at the disposal of special armed forces component is included in the article. The article points out to new areas and perspectives how to improve Polish Armed Forces, so that they can effectively perform tasks in the current and future joint operations in national and allied terms.

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O użyciu taktycznych desantów powietrznych i grup desantowo-szturmowych w terenie lesisto-jeziornym

Więcek W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2013

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nr 3(92)

229-248

EN

Wooded-lake area is a relatively challenging for troops, since its distinctive character causes the necessity to employ specific tactics. A number of obstacles on a given ground and low road density contribute to limited operational mobility and the necessity of fighting in opposite and often remote directions while equally employing helicopters to a large extent. Therefore, both planning and establishment of military activities on wooded-lakes areas create a favorable opportunity to employ unconventional tactics, develop the initiative, and stimulate various activities.The data included in the study presented hereby was verified in the course of the military rehearsals held at the National Defense University in years past, the scenarios of which were located in the Masurian Lake District. Not only did the above-mentioned fact enable the exploration of the crucial aspects affecting the operations of helicopter-borne combat assaults and air assault task forces in the circumstances, but it also helped to identify the challenges faced by such elements of combat formations carrying out both offensive and defensive activities on wooded-lake terrain. In the author’s point of view, the conclusions drawn may be as well employed in the processes of planning and fighting in more convenient area’s conditions.

5

Wojska specjalne we współczesnej strategii militarnej

Królikowski H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2006

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nr 4(65)

144-159

EN

For many years a broad discussion concerning the creation of special operations forces (SOF) headquarters has been conducted in Poland. In the year 2006 it finally resulted in the creation of such command. In previous years special forces confirmed several times its value in light of contemporary military conflicts. During the fights on the territory of Afghanistan most of the operations were special in their nature and the core of the allied forces operating against the Talibans were special forces units. Without the presence of special forces in Afghanistan it would not be possible to create the Northern Alliance and effectively use the air force and precision weapons. The meaning of special operations in contemporary military conflicts is shown by comparison of the first Gulf War of 1991 and the operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ in 2003. Experiences of military conflicts conducted in the recent period have confirmed that special forces should posses the ability of independent planning, preparation and conducting of operations - in every geographical and climatic conditions both in the time of peace and crisis as well as during war. Hence the creation of special operations forces HQs and commands in many countries. While observing this processes, it can be assumed that currently the SOF are increasingly becoming independent.

6

Wykorzystanie amerykańskich sił specjalnych w działaniach antyterrorystycznych w Afganistanie w latach 2001-2002

Kozerawski D.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

144-152

EN

In the article, the author discusses the problem of using special forces in antiterrorist operation in Afghanistan (2001-2002). The analyses the course of antiterrorist operation in this area, shows the mentality of the inhabitants and also traditions of conducting military actions there. The author claims that the operations in Afghanistan have proved the special forces' great potential in both the mountainous terrain and difficult climatic conditions as well. The stresses that in the operation in Afghanistan, these forces performed also numerous tasks that are usually conducted armoured and mechanised subunits. Moreover, special forces' soldiers co-operated with the insurgents' units carrying out training and supporting in conducted operations. The author concludes that only United Stated nor democratic societes agree to it.

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Działania specjalne w wojnach i konfliktach zbrojnych po drugiej wojnie światowej

Hermann H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

30-43

EN

The article concerns special operations in a global dimension that occurred in wars and armed conflicts after World War II (1945). There have been outlined conditions of their dynamic development, particularly in the Cold War period, the evolution of their contents and growing importance in armed fighting. The evolution of the contemporary war phenomenon and the role of special operations in it have been shown. The transformations of special operations’ contents and character have been presented on the background of the transformations of the world’s political and military situation. Special operations can be carried out not only during a crisis or conflicts and the "creeping" character of low intensity wars show that the role and importance of special operations have been increasing. They tend to gain the status of independent operations. This causes the increase of special troops that currently are becoming not only the permanent but also more significant component of the armed forces.

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Doświadczenia i wnioski z działania komponentu lądowego brytyjskich sił ekspedycyjnych w operacji "Corporate" podczas konfliktu falklandzkiego

Tym J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

167-200

EN

The Argentinean invasion forces invaded the Falklands on 2 April 1982, while the British - Argentinean diplomatic negotiations about the future of the islands were still in progress. In this situation, the United Kingdom decided to conduct a military operation to recapture the islands and restore the British administration. The British HQ immediately started to plan the operation and to complete the expeditionary forces. The British Expeditionary Force was deployed to the South Atlantic at the end of April. They liberated South Georgia on 25 April. The British 3rd Royal Marine Commando Brigade landed in San Carlos Bay on East Falkland on 21 May. Six days later, the 2nd Parachute Battalion embarked on a two-day, victorious battle of Goose Green. On 7 and 8 June, the 5th Infantry Brigade landed in Bluff Cove. Finally, on 14 June, the British forces liberated Port Stanley and took 11,845 prisoners. The Falklands War is recognised as a classic low or medium intensity war. The Operation "Corporate” ended successfully due to a consisted and complementary operation plan of the operation and combat action, and determination to win and hold initiative. The Argentines had assumed that the British would land near Port Stanley and were not prepared for the landing at San Carlos. By the time they realised what was happening, it was too late to conduct any anti-landing operation. The fiercest resistance came in fights for hills around Port Stanley. When these had been taken, the Argentines surrendered. The night landing at San Carlos and night attacks were the main feature of the Falklands campaign. The major attacks (Goose Green, Mt Longdon, Mt Tumble- down, Two Sisters, Wirelless Ridge) were night attacks. Such attacks require effective and efficient C3I and a high level of training. It was extremely effective combining force with surprise and a cover of night. The Falklands War showed the increasing importance of professionally planned and well organised special forces’ operation on the modern battlefield. The Falklands conflict delivered a lot of experiences and conclusions about manoeuvre, air mobility, combat support and logistics. Other important factors include high level of morale and skills of the British soldiers. They were able to establish a total moral and psychological ascendancy over the Argentineans. The “Great jump” across East Falkland for British paratroopers and Royal Marines tested the soldiers’ endurance, fitness and stamina reaching the end of their tether. The Falklands War was an important experience to create the concept of using rapid reaction forces and also to make assumptions of modern low and medium intensity conflicts.

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Pojęcie taktyki antyterrorystycznej : pożądane cechy psychiczne żołnierza pododdziału antyterrorystycznego według poglądów amerykańskich

Jałoszyński K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 4(41)

233-240

EN

In the article the author defines the notion of antiterrorist tactics, which is based on war art principles in a tactical dimension characteristic for land forces. The author enlarges the principles binding in Polish armed forces by two additional ones: “simplicity” and ’’one - man command”, which are mentioned in American sources. Basing on them, the author discusses variables connected with tactic principles belonging to antiterrorist tactics. They include “planning and exercise”, “speed” and “security”. In the second part of the article the author presents American viewpoints on a very important issue which is a model mental state of an antiterrorist subunit soldier and demanded level of this unit soldier’s mental activity on different level of his activity.

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Rozwój działań powietrzno-lądowych

Kuczmański Z., Kwiasowski Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1998

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nr 1(30)

111-122

EN

Among numerous issues relating to combat, the problems of the troops’ mobility ani speed of combat actions have always been essential elements conditioning achieving vie tory. In the recent years, thanks to aeroplanes and helicopters, the troops mobility has beer transferred into the „third dimension”. It has caused passing from land actions to air-land actions. These are actions, which 20-25% of all tasks performed is conducted in the air and from the air