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1

Hydrocemical examination of underground leakage water spread from open landfill in Aksaray City in Turkey, and determination of its location. Case study

Öztürk Ernam, Yeken Tekin, Ersesyay Aliye Suna, Özaydin Cengiz Murat

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 2

61--78

EN

Uncontrolled dumping of open landfills has been becoming a significant threat to developing countries. The areas where solid wastes are stored increase the risk of groundwater and environmental pollution. Groundwater pollution causes poisoning and even death in terms of public health. This study investigated the impact area of pollutants that pose environmental risks in the Hamamboğazı (Aksaray Turkey) landfill area. Six vertical electrical sounding (VES) measurements were made in the study area. The direction of the leakage water is southwest, and the penetration depth is 15 m. The electrical conductivity reaching high values such as 4160–7900 μS/cm shows the polluting effect of the leachate. Heavy metals detected in leachate were Cu (0.183 mg/dm3), Pb (0.234 mg/dm3), Zn (0.33 mg/dm3), and Fe (3.179 mg/dm3).

2

A multivariate statistical approach to evaluate the hydro-geochemistry of groundwater quality in the middle Ganga river basin, Patna, India

Sulaiman Mohammed Aasif, Zafar Mohammad Masroor, Prabhakar Ravi, Kumar Ramesh, Sinha Ravindra Kumar, Kumari Anupma

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 3

1913--1926

EN

The study of groundwater samples from Patna, which is in the middle Ganga River basin in the state of Bihar, was done to evaluate the hydrogeochemical nature of groundwater and figure out the controlling factors that affect its ionic chemistry. This study’s groundwater samples were taken seasonally from 20 Patna, Bihar locations from 2019 to 2020 and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties using APHA’s standard methods. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as Correlation matrix, Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical cluster analysis, were carried out on the analytical variables, followed by interpreting the groundwater’s geochemical nature using Durov Plot, Piper plot, ion-scatter plots and Gibb’s diagram. The results obtained were compared with water quality standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study revealed that groundwater’s alkaline nature and water’s total hardness varied from hard to very hard categories. Total dissolved solids range from 158 to 575 mg/l, where 31.66% of samples have exceeded the desirable TDS limit for drinking water. The abundance of anions was observed in decreasing order (HCO3- > Cl- > SO42-) during all seasons and cations as Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, whereas in monsoon season, it was observed as Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+. Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- type water was revealed as the significant hydrogeochemical facie, and the reverse ion exchange process was observed to be the governing factor in 77% of the total groundwater samples. Gibbs’s diagram showed rock-water dominance as a major factor in groundwater ionic composition during all seasons.

3

Wieloletnie zmiany ciśnień piezometrycznych wód podziemnych w wyżynnym subregionie środkowej Wisły

Prażak Jan

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 2

82--91

EN

This report provides insight into long-term changes in the position of groundwater table in the upland subregion of the middle Vistula River based on the research conducted in seven 1st order hydrogeological stations of the national groundwater monitoring network. These changes reveal a clear temporal relationship/trend noted in the vertical profile of aquifers even in conditions of their significant mutual isolation. They have been described as an effect of the phenomenon, but without establishing its measurable causes. The report indicates that the dynamic of groundwater pressure needs further studies and discussion of hydrogeologists dealing with this topic.

4

Potencjalnie lecznicze wody radonowe wschodniej części Wysokiego Grzbietu Gór Izerskich (Sudety) o największej zawartości radonu w Polsce

Prusak Jakub, Przylibski Tadeusz A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 2

58--70

EN

In the years 2020-2022, the authors conducted research on the activity concentration of 222 Rn in the groundwater of the eastern part of the Izera metamorphic unit. As a result, they found potentially medicinal radon waters in hornfelses of the eastern part of the Szklarska Poręba band. The value measured in one of the water samples appeared to be the highest activity concentration of 222Rn in groundwater of Poland so far - 3368 ±61 Bq/dm3. The authors also found that outflows of potentially medicinal radon waters account for almost 85.5% (47 out of 55) of all groundwater outflows in the study area. Thanks to the large amount of data obtained, the authors calculated a new value of the hydrogeochemical back-ground of 222 Rn in the groundwater of the Izera metamorphic unit. The background is currently 17-890 Bq/dm3. In Poland, higher values have only been reported of the Lądek-Śnieżnik metamorphic unit. The research results also open the way to the possible creation of a modern radon spa in Szklarska Poręba. It could operate in Biała Dolina on the basis of both previously found resources of radon waters of the Karkonosze granite and the radon waters forming within the eastern part of the Izera metamorphic unit.

5

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in an Arid environment

Slimani Rabia, Charikh Messaouda, Aljaradin Mohammad

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 2

50--58

EN

This study focuses on mapping the groundwater’s vulnerability to pollution in the region of Ouargla, located in the North-East of the northern Sahara, exposed to potential risks of alteration. By applying the methods (GOD, DRASTIC, and SINTACS), coupled with a Geographic Information System (GIS), we were able to identify a medium to high vulnerability trend. In light of the results recorded, the DRASTIC and SINTACS methods prove to be more suitable for our study region. This makes it possible to highlight the recharge zones and land use as being the most vulnerable in the territory studied. The GOD method presents a strong vulnerability trend over 77.02% of the study area. Such a result is directly related to the depth of the water table. It can therefore be argued that this method is far from being representative of the reality on the ground because of these very heterogeneous characteristics.

6

Monitoring of millimeter-scale deformations in Tallinn using repeated leveling and PS-InSAR analysis of Sentinel-1 data

Oja Tõnis, Gruno Anti

Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation

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2023

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Vol. 72, no. 1

art. no. e33, 2023

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate millimeter-scale deformations in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, by using repeated leveling data and the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of Sentinel-1 satellite mission. The persistent scattered interferometric SAR (PS-InSAR) analysis of images from ascending and descending orbits from June 2016 to November 2021 resulted the line-of-sight (LOS) displacement velocities in the Tallinn city center. Velocity solutions were estimated for the full period of time, but also for shorter periods to monitor deformation changes in yearly basis. The gridded LOS velocity models were used for the decomposition of east-west and vertical velocities. Additionally, the uncertainty of 2D velocity solutions was estimated by following the propagation of uncertainty. The 3D velocity of permanent GNSS station “MUS2” in Tallinn was used to unify the reference of all PS-InSAR velocity solutions. The results of the latest leveling in Tallinn city center in 2007/2008 and 2019 showed rather small subsidence rates which were in agreement with InSAR long-termsolution. However, the short-termInSAR velocity solutions revealed larger subsidence of city center with a rate about –10 mm/yr in 2016–2017, and the uplift around 5 mm/yr in 2018–2019 with relatively stable periods in 2017–2018 and 2019–2021. The inclusion of groundwater level observation data and the geological mapping information into the analysis revealed possible spatiotemporal correlation between the InSAR results and the groundwater level variations over the deep valleys buried under quaternary sediments.

7

Zmiany składu chemicznego wód podziemnych w węglanowych utworach triasu opolskiego na podstawie badań wybranych źródeł

Staśko Stanisław, Trałka Marta, Błachowicz Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 12

868--876

EN

Results of research of six large karstic springs with a discharge rate of 10-100 l/s obtainedfrom a series of 12 measurements in 2021-2022 are the basis for a comparison of the chemical composition in the past and present. The studied springs drain Triassic limestones and dolomites in the southern part of Major Groundwater Basin No. 333 in the Opole region. After 40 years, there is a significant decrease in discharge rates in five out of all selected springs, and frequent dying out of outflows in three cases. A significant increase in the content of nitrogen compounds, espe¬cially nitrates, has been measured. Statistical factor analysis allowed distinguishing two groups of factors responsible for changes in the main ions in groundwater. Restoring high groundwater quality is an urgent task for the administration of this region, which requires a comprehensive approach.

8

Wstępna ocena możliwości pozyskiwania pierwiastków wartościowych z wód kopalnianych oraz wód termalnych i leczniczych w Polsce

Razowska-Jaworek Lidia, Pasternak Marcin, Karpiński Marcin, Będkowski Zbigniew, Kaczorowski Zbigniew, Wysocka Irena, Drzewicz Przemysław

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 6

435--448

EN

Chemical components in groundwater from mine drainage or used in geothermal installations are a potential source of valuable minerals. At the Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, a study was carried out to identify the content of elements in mine waters, wells exploiting natural gas and oil as well as geothermal and therapeutic waters in Poland. The aim of the research was to recognize the concentration of potentially useful minerals in groundwater and the possibility of their recovery. It was the first project that focused on the recovery of elements from groundwater on a national scale in Poland. For this purpose, 67 sites were selected, in which 75 water samples were taken and the content of65 chemical components was determined. Then, the amount of minerals that could be recovered from mine waters and geothermal brines was calculated based on the amount of water pumped in each facility. The calculations involved the approximate efficiency and working time of the recovery installation. As a result of this research, it was found that the mine waters and geothermal brines in Poland contain resources of valuable elements in very different amounts. In more than half of the examined sites, the estimated resources of minerals are present in amounts that are not prospective. However, in 29 sites, mine waters and geothermal brines contain elevated concentrations of several elements, including - B, Br, I, K, Li, Mg and Mn. If they were successfully recovered, they could represent a potential additional income for the mining and geothermal industries. Dębieńsko Desalination Plant of mine waters in Upper Silesia is the most promising potential source of recovery of minerals from mine waters, where the total resources of minerals to be recovered from concentrated brine have been estimated as the highest. Rudna Copper Mine in Lower Silesia is in second place, with one of the highest resources and the largest amount of minerals to be recovered from groundwater. Other sites are: the SOLINO Salt Mine, “Olza” mine water collector, mine waters pumped from abandoned coal mines in the Upper Silesia (in Zabrze, Siemianowice Śląskie, Czeladź, Gliwice), and plants producing geothermal energy in Stargard, Pyrzyce and Bańska. Total amount of mineral resources that can be recovered from waters pumped from the most promising sites is over72 000 tonnes annually. Taking into account both the ecological aspect and the potential economic benefits of recovering minerals from mine waters and geothermal brines, it is necessary to continue the studies on the recovery of minerals from highly mineralized waters in Poland.

9

Szybkość uwalniania się 222Rn z wód podziemnych do atmosfery

Przylibski Tadeusz A., Maciejewski Piotr, Zagożdżon Katarzyna D., Zagożdżon Paweł P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 10

742--750

EN

The authors conducted studies on the release rate of 222Rn from groundwater flowing out of a spring, from metamorphic reservoir rocks. This source gives rise to a stream about 205 m long. The activity concentration of Rn in the spring was about 700 Bq/dm33, took place at a distance of about 1 70-180 metres from the spring. With regard to the waterflow path, flowtime and the volume of water flowing through the cross-section of the tested stream, the exhalation coefficient of222Rn from water to atmospheric air is 3.80 Bq/dm3/m, 1.51 Bq/dm3/s and 1. 25 Bq/dm3/dm3, respctively. According to the authors, further research conducted in other springs occurring in other types of rocks and under different flow conditions (at different times of the year) will allow characterizing the dynamics of the process of222Rn release from groundwater through surface waters into the atmosphere. Perhaps this process can be described with a universal mathematical function.

10

Analiza rozwoju leja depresji odkrywki węgla brunatnego Tomisławice w latach 2009–2019 i jego wpływu na stosunki gruntowo-wodne Pojezierza Kujawskiego

Przybyłek Jan

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 7

527--542

EN

The Tomisławice lignite deposit is located in the Kujawy Lakeland (central Poland), on the water- shed between the Noteć River (including Gopło Lake) and the Zgłowiączka River (including Lake Głuszyńskie) catchment areas. The dewatering began in January 2009. In June 2011, the lignite seam was uncovered. The deposit was formed in a local Mesozoic depression within a tectonic structure, copmosed of Upper Cretaceous fractured marls. The average thickness of the lignite seam is about 7 m. All the boundaries of the Tomis³awice deposit are ero- sional. The top of the lignite seam, which is lowered to the north is at the average depth of between 38.3 m and 46.8 m. In the study area of the Kujawy Lakeland, groundwater with mineralization of up to 1g/dm 3 occurs down to a depth of 200 m in the Quaternary, Neogene-Paleogene, Cretaceous and Jurassic aquifers in the SE part of the area. The paper provides an analysis of the mine dewatering impact on aquifers within the cone of depression, over 270 kmsup>2 in area, and the mine water drainage rate up to 90 m3 /min. It is based on the data from the monitoring of the soil and water environment from 2008–2019 (groundwater, lakes). The analysis showed a particular mine dewatering impact of the developmnent of the Upper Cretaceous aquifer on the large-scale cone of depression around the Tomis³awice open pit mine. The described situation caused the mass drying up of farm wells and wetlands over a distance of up to 9 km from the open pit. The groundwater level on the moraine plateau has been almost completely drained and only to a small extent can it be periodically restored after longer periods of heavy rainfall.

11

50 lat Centralnego Banku Danych Hydrogeologicznych – Banku HYDRO w Panstwowym Instytucie Geologicznym

Pergół Sylwiusz, Paszkiewicz Aleksandra, Regulska Magdalena, Przybycin Magdalena, Forst Szymon

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 12

877--882

EN

The year 2022 marks half a century since the establishment of HYDRO Bank. It is one of the most important components of the data processing system used by Polish Geological Institute which performs the duties of the state geological and hydrogeological survey. Since its conception in 1972, HYDRO Bank has been using information technology systems. Over the following years, teams of employees repeatedly modernized, expanded and updated the hydrogeological database. The information contained in the database is the basic source of data used for domestic studies in the fields of hydrogeology, cartography, environmental protection and government administration. There is another modernization planned for the upcoming years, along with continuous updates and increase in number of the collected data.

12

Analiza pracy głębokiego drenażu we wsi Cieszów położonej w zakolu rzeki Bóbr

Zawadzki Paweł, Zaborski Stanislaw, Nieć Jakub, Kałuża Tomasz, Jaszczak Grzegorz, Hämmerling Mateusz, Graf Ryszard

Przegląd Budowlany

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2022

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R. 93, nr 7-8

139--141

PL

Stopień wodny w Krzywańcu piętrzy wody rzeki Bóbr i pozwala na skierowanie wody do kanału derywacyjnego elektrowni wodnej w Dychowie. Powyżej jazu powstał zbiornik na brzegu, którego położona jest wieś Cieszów. W przekroju wsi zwierciadło wody podniosło się o ok. 3,5 m w stosunku do normalnego poziomu wody w rzece przed budową stopnia. Aby nie dopuścić do znacznego podniesienia się wód gruntowych i podtopienia wsi wykonane zostały drenaże i rowy odwadniające. Obecnie, mimo opisanych wyżej urządzeń, obserwuje się wysoki poziom wód gruntowych na terenie zabudowanym wsi, piwnice budynków są stale zalewane wodą.

EN

The Krzywaniec barrage dams the waters of the Bóbr River and allows the water to be directed to the derivative canal of the Dychów hydropower plant. On the shore of the reservoir, there is the village of Cieszów. In the cross-section of the village, the water table rose by about 3.5 m in relation to the normal water level in the river before the construction of the barrage. Drainage and drainage ditches were made to prevent a significant rise of groundwater and flooding of the village. Currently, despite the devices described above, a high level of groundwater is observed in the built-up area of the village, and the basements of buildings are constantly flooded with water.

13

Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bhojpur District of Bihar, India: A Threat to Sustainability

Ranjan Avinash, Kumari Pammy

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

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Vol. 17, nr 2

218--229

EN

Arsenic contamination of water is now a global problem. More than 100 countries, including India, are facing a high level of arsenic in the groundwater. There is a wide range of negative impacts of arsenic contamination on society and the economy, threatening sustainability in the contaminated areas. To examine the magnitude and effects of arsenic in the Shahpur block of the Bhojpur district, Bihar, India, we tested groundwater samples from many different locations. The household survey and personal interviews were conducted to find out the societal response to this problem. Sample testing results confirm that there is a high rate of arsenic contamination in the area. Our study found that; low education level of the area is hampering the sustainable solution of the problem. We came to know that people who are suffering from arsenic diseases are discriminated against the society. Further, we have also found that the economic burdens of arsenic contamination are more on the marginalized section of the community. Since crops are irrigated with high arsenic concentrated water, soil quality is degrading, responsible for poor agriculture output and economic loss. It has also been found that most of the mitigation measures employed are not sustainable in the long term. Awareness regarding arsenic toxicity is needed for the sustainable intervention of this problem. After examining all the mitigation measures, we concluded that rainwater harvesting and rooftop rain harvesting is the most sustainable and cost-effective measure to tackle this menace.

14

Effect of the agriculture on the quality of groundwater in the alluvial aquifer of the Tadjenanet area (eastern Algeria)

Khedidja Abdelhamid, Dib Imen

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2022

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no. 3

45--57

EN

The region of Tadjenanet is in eastern Algeria in the high plains, characterized by a varied age detritus Mio-Plio-Quaternary. Some geological formations can be an important source of groundwater (alluvial sand, shell limestone, gravel). Its location in semi-arid area involves evaporation pronounced even tilt the balance in a chronic deficit, excluding periods characterized by rainfall events. Agriculture in the study area is the first socio-economic activity and the largest consumer of water resources. It is therefore necessary to consider for effective water management. Indeed, the combination of hydrogeological and hydro chemical geological mapping, geophysics, harvested from field data and their interpretations can be an excellent tool for deciding the suitability of water for irrigation. The analysis of the physicochemical data shows an increase in the concentration of nitrates reaching 200 mg · l–1, as well as the analysis by the Richards SAR parameter shows that most groundwater samples are generally suitable for agricultural purposes with 33%, belong characterizing poor quality. Indeed, the groundwater in the region generally requires prior treatment before consumption and use depending on the type of crop. The assessment of the quality of the water in the region and its consequences on the soil and the types of crops has enabled the authorities concerned to manage the water supply adequately to preserve and protect this vital source for the future from any risk of contamination.

15

Groundwater impact assessment of Lake Czorsztyn after 25 years of its operation

Humnicki Włodzimierz, Krogulec Ewa, Małecki Jerzy, Szostakiewicz-Hołownia Marzena, Wojdalska Anna, Zaszewski Daniel

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 2

65--78

PL

Powstanie sztucznego zbiornika wodnego oddziałuje na wszystkie elementy środowiska. Na przykładzie Zbiornika Czorsztyńskiego oceniono jego oddziaływanie na wody podziemne oraz zmiany wymuszone przez jego budowę w zagospodarowaniu terenu. W ocenie wykorzystano długoletnie obserwacje chemizmu i stanów zwierciadła wód podziemnych oraz wydajności źródeł, obejmujące okres sprzed budowy zbiornika, z czasu jego napełniania oraz 25-letniej eksploatacji. Zmiany zagospodarowania przestrzennego wywołane budową zbiornika określono metodami teledetekcyjnymi. Konsekwencją budowy zbiornika była zmiana użytkowania powierzchni terenu. Wzrosła powierzchnia obszarów zabudowanych i leśnych kosztem terenów rolniczych. Dominującą rolę odgrywają dwa typy wód podziemnych HCO3–Ca oraz HCO3–Ca–Mg, dotyczy to zarówno okresu przed jego napełnieniem (68%), jak i po jego napełnieniu (95%), a także w odniesieniu do analiz kontrolnych z 2020 roku (100%). Udokumentowano stopniowy zanik występowania typów wód z udziałem jonu siarczanowego powyżej 20% miliwali, co wskazuje na tendencję poprawy jakości badanych wód. Ponadto zmiany wartości wskaźników nasycenia wód, względem faz mineralnych budujących warstwę wodonośną, w czasie budowy zbiornika i na wczesnym etapie jego eksploatacji, wskazują na ich modyfikacje hydrochemiczne. Zaobserwowano obniżenie zwierciadła wód gruntowych spowodowane przekształceniem doliny Dunajca w czasie budowy zbiornika i związanego z tym obniżenia regionalnej bazy drenażowej. Po napełnieniu zbiornika nastąpił wzrost rzędnej zwierciadła wody. Oprócz oddziaływania zbiornika można to tłumaczyć również większym zasilaniem opadowym. Powstanie Zbiornika Czorsztyńskiego spowodowało stopniowe przekształcenia w użytkowaniu terenu z rolniczego w kierunku turystyczno-rekreacyjnym. Zmiany te oraz zalanie doliny rzecznej wodami powierzchniowymi nie spowodowało zasadniczych zmian ilościowych i jakościowych wód podziemnych. Natomiast związane z budową zbiornika uporządkowanie gospodarki wodno-ściekowej przyczyniło się do zauważalnej tendencji poprawy ich jakości.

EN

Artificial water reservoirs pose impact on the natural environment. Impact of the artificial Czorsztyn Lake on groundwater and land management is assessed. The study is based on long-term observations of chemistry, groundwater levels and spring discharges during reservoir construction, filling, and 25-year-long exploitation. Land management changes caused by reservoir construction were recognized using remote sensing. Reservoir construction resulted in land management change in the study area. Built-up and forest areas gained prevalence over farmland areas. Two types of groundwater dominate: HCO3–Ca and HCO3–Ca–Mg, both before reservoir filling (68% analyses) and afterwards (95% analyses), and in control analyses from September 2020 (100% analyses). Gradual decrease in the occurrence of water types with the sulphate ion exceeding 20% mvals is documented, which points to water quality improvement trends. Moreover, changes of water saturation index values with regard to aquifer-forming mineral phases during reservoir construction and early exploitation phase indicate hydrochemical modifications. Decrease of groundwater level was related with transformation of the Dunajec river valley during reservoir construction and, accordingly, decrease of regional drainage base level. Groundwater level increased after reservoir filling, which points to coupled impact of the reservoir and increased precipitation recharge. Construction of the Czorsztyn Lake resulted in gradual land management transformation from farmlands into tourist-recreational areas. This change and river valley flooding by surface waters did not cause significant modifications in groundwater quantity and quality. Organization of water-sewage management related with reservoir construction resulted in noticeably improved quality trends.

16

Environmental monitoring to assess ground water quality and its impact on soils in southwestern India

Sandhu Randhir Singh, Sehgal Simerpreet Kaur, Amrit Kumar, Singh Navdeep, Singh Didar

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

349--360

EN

The present study attempts to investigate physicochemical features and evaluate quality of collected ground water samples from benchmark locations in Fazilka district, southwestern (SW) side of the Punjab. The samples of groundwater (GW) as well as soil were collected from different locations and examined for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbonates (CO3 2 ), bicarbonates (HCO3 −), chlorides (Cl−), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), sulfate (SO42−) and potassium (K+). The appropriateness of water for drinking was checked using water quality index (WQI), while indices like soluble sodium percentage (SSP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard, permeability index and Kelly’s ratio were investigated for appraisal of irrigation water quality. Samples are statistically tested using two-way ANOVA and principal component analysis (PCA) to extract correlation between water parameters. Most of the samples were under high to low (C3S1), high to medium (C3S2) and very high to high (C4S3) based on US Salinity Laboratory (USSL). On the base of RSC, samples were under safe to unsuitable category. For hydrochemistry analysis, the piper diagram indicates that water samples were mixed type and Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. Study indicated that water with high salinity was used for irrigation of crops and it has adverse effects on the soil quality and crop yield is of concern for future.

17

A short note on the natural and anthropogenic variations in the water storage changes at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Mathews Gathala Vinod, Rajesh Rekapalli, Begum Shaik Kareemunnisa

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 4

1847--1854

EN

We analyze the periodic and stochastic/random dynamics in the water storage changes at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. We used time-variable gravity data in terms of Equivalent Water Thickness (EWT) measured from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On satellite missions for the period 2002 to 2021 along with average rainfall data to assess the natural and anthropogenic impacts on water storage changes. We employ Wavelet Spectrum and Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) methods to analyze the non-stationary variation of spectral power and principal components. The water storage in the study area shows a significant positive trend with a peak correlation of 0.52 with the rainfall data at a lag of 3 months. The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth principal components depicting the monotonic trend and oscillations together contribute 69.48% to the total water storage changes. The wavelet spectrum of the SSA reconstructed signal from the first four principal components revealed non-stationary annual and 1.3 to 8 years periodicities associated with natural solar and El-Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) respectively. The phase plot of the residual signal of ~ 30% variance suggests the random dynamics. Thus the study suggests: (i) an increasing groundwater trend in the study area, (ii) nearly 70% of the water storage changes are linked with natural solar and ENSO variations, and (iii) 30% of water storage changes are with random dynamics possibly linked with anthropogenic activities and catastrophic climatic episodes of shorter duration at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

18

A review on the use of geoelectrical methods for characterization and monitoring of contaminant plumes

Sanuade Oluseun Adetola, Arowoogun Kolawole Isaac, Amosun Joel Olayide

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 5

2099--2117

EN

Geophysical characterization of contaminated sites is an important procedure in pre- and post-site remediation. It has been carried out in several contaminated sites, irrespective of differences in site geology, nature of contaminants, and prevailing hydrological conditions. Electrical prospecting methods are the most used geophysical techniques for contaminant plume mapping. Due to this widespread use, there is an increasing number of literature on the use of electrical methods directed toward contaminant plume mapping. Yet, it lacks a comprehensive framework in literature that synthesizes the methods’ concepts, applications, and limitations. In this review, we summarized the use of electrical methods (electrical resistivity, self-potential, and induced polarization) in mapping contaminant plumes and provided a synthesis of concepts, applications, and limitations. The advantages, drawbacks, and the solutions achieved so far were emphasized in this review. Some of the advantages are that electrical methods are faster, cheaper, noninvasive and provide continuous images of contaminant plumes when compared to the traditional techniques. The drawbacks highlighted include the non-uniqueness of the vertical electrical sounding (VES), distortion effect of the 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and huge cost of 3D ERT data acquisition. We also highlighted other geophysical methods that could be used to map contaminant plumes. Conclusively, this review paper identified future research direction and offers insight into emerging issues associated with these techniques for better modeling of contaminated sites.

19

Zmienność cech fizycznych i chemicznych wód źródlanych w zlewni Zagórzańskiego Potoku (Pogórze Spisko-Gubałowskie)

Czarny Gabriela, Pociask-Karteczka Joanna, Nieckarz Zenon

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 3

150--160

EN

The aim of the paper is to examine the variability of physical and chemical characteristics of two springs located in the Zagórzański Stream catchment (Spisko-Gubałowskie Foothills, Podhale region). Calcareous tufa occurs at one of the investigated springs. Field studies were conducted once a month from 25th March 2017 to 28thFebruary 2018. Water of the studied springs represents the bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium type during almost the whole year. The chemical composition of both springs is characterized by seasonal variability. The highest concentrations of most ions occurred in the summer, when the rainfall was the lowest and during winter drought; while the lowest concentration - in the period of increased rainfall. The variability of physical and chemical parameters of the spring with tufa is smaller than the other one. The spring with calcareous tufa stands out by the higher concentration of Mg2+ and SO42- and the presence of radon. The unique landscape values of the surroundings and hydrogeochemical features of the spring with calcareous tufa favour this place as an interesting hydro-tourism attraction in the Bukowina Tatrzańska region.

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Temperatura wód podziemnych i jej znaczenie w badaniach hydrogeologicznych

Staśko Stanisław, Buczyński Sebastian, Błachowicz Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 4

224--233

EN

Groundwater temperature is the basic physical parameter that determines the state and energy measure of the physical system while being an important indicator of the status of groundwater and aquifers. This article presents considerations on the temperature of fresh groundwater of the active exchange zone and their importance for the recognition of hydrogeological conditions. Review of groundwater temperature results application to analyze groundwater recharge process, flow and depth of circulation has been presented. It has been showed also how the water temperature supports evaluation of the groundwater chemical composition changes, the extension of contaminants, the hydraulic conductivity evaluation and the application in groundwater flow modelling study. A wide range of temperature variation in shallow waters of up to 20.3°C has been demonstrated based on measurements in the Quaternary aquifer in the Wrocław City infiltration intake and deep waters from the Neogen aquifer. Up to a depth of 10-17 m, significant seasonal temperature changes with depth have been documented. It was recommended to establish a neutral depth for the correct interpretation of the groundwater thermal field. Opposite spring water from a deeper aquifer of Cretaceous formations in the Stołowe Mts. documented an almost constant temperature higher by 4.6°C from the average air temperature. This indicates the range of groundwater flow depth of 170m below the land surface. A simple formula based on the density value of the heat flux, taking into account the average air temperature proposal, allows to calculating the depth of water flow. The methodical conditions for temperature measuring and the depth of location of temperature recording probesas well as their limitations, have been identified.