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EN
Water scarcity is severely high in the North Africa and the Middle East (MENA) regions. The deterioration of water quality has an impact on the human health as well as on the development of agricultural activities, especially in arid regions, where precipitations are less frequent. The aim of this work is to identify and evaluate the chemistry of the groundwater aquifer in the region of Messaad plateau. This region is located 370 km south of Algiers in southern Algeria. A dozen of samples were collected from wells and analyzed using physic-chemical technics, and the results were processed statistically. The distribution of the conductivity values and the various chemical parameters suggest that the groundwater in the Messad wadi area is overall highly mineralized, with the EC ranging from 550 μS . cm–1 to 8790.13 μS . cm–1, with a predominance of calcium sulphate facies and calcium chloride facies. The level of mineralization noted in the southern and southeastern portions of the research area sheds light on the source of natural contamination. The SO42–, Cl– , Ca2+ , Na+ ions are the most important factors influencing the electrical conductivity of water and the groundwater chemistry. These ions are the result of the continuous dissolution of gypsum and halite in the clays and marls of the Barremian formations.
2
Content available remote Technologia wykonywania fundamentów
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ agresywnego działania wód gruntowych na wybrane właściwości warstw hydroizolacyjnych wykonywanych z grubowarstwowych powłok polimerowo-asfaltowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nasiąkliwości tych powłok. Oceniono również, jak zmienia się odczyn pH wody w kontakcie z grubowarstwowymi powłokami asfaltowo-polimerowymi. Analizy te uzupełniono wnioskami, publikowanymi wcześniej w literaturze technicznej, dotyczącymi wpływu podwyższonej nasiąkliwości tych powłok na zachowanie funkcji wodoszczelności oraz podatności powłok na zawilgocenie w efekcie działania wody o różnym pH. W badaniach wykorzystano m.in. metodę badawczą ujętą w normach PN-EN oraz metody własne.
EN
The manuscript analyzes the impact of the aggressive action of groundwater on selected properties of waterproofing layers made of polymer modified bituminous thick coatings, with particular emphasis on the water absorption of these coatings. It was also assessed how the pH of water changes in contact with polymer modified bituminous thick coatings. The analyzes were supplemented with conclusions previously published in the technical literature, regarding the impact of increased water absorption of the above-mentioned coatings to maintain the water-tightness function and the susceptibility of such coatings to moisture as a result of the action of water with different pH. The research used, inter alia, research methodology included in PN-EN standards, supplemented with tests performed using own methods.
PL
W artykule omówiono przyczyny pęknięć i deformacji w zabytkowym budynku oraz przecieków wody w jego podłożu. Przedstawiono charakterystykę deformacji filtracyjnych gruntu, uwzględniając ich przyczynę i rodzaj gruntu. Na podstawie danych z monitoringu poziomu wody gruntowej w okolicach obiektu przeanalizowano przecieki i wyznaczono strefy, w których przekroczone zostało kryterium inicjacji procesu deformacji filtracyjnych. W dalszej części przedstawiono koncepcje rozwiązań projektowych dotyczące zabezpieczenia budynku z uwagi na deformacje filtracyjne gruntu.
EN
This paper presents a case study using data on cracks and deformation in a historic building and water seepage in its subsoil. The first part of the paper presents the characteristics of soil filtration deformation with respect to soil type and causal factor. Based on the data from the monitoring of the ground water level in the vicinity of the building, seepage was analyzed and the zones in which the criterion for the initiation of filtration deformation process was exceeded were determined. In the next part, concepts of design solutions for protecting the building due to soil filtration deformations are presented.
EN
Following China's economic development, lots of tailing deposits have become potential pollution sources, and their leaching would release the trace elements into the natural environment. The leakage rate model and the solute transport models of groundwater are coupled to investigate the effects of the tailing ponds on groundwater. It indicates that the anti-seepage layer is a necessary and important component of the tailing ponds, which could protect the soil or groundwater to be polluted by wastewater. Under three scenarios (scenario A - ideal conditions, scenario B - the worst conditions, and scenario C), the proportions of maximum concentration to source concentration are 1.2, 94.6, and 19.1%, respectively. Under the worst states of anti-seepage layers, the pollution areas after 730, 1800, 3807 and 7300 days were 130 500, 313 200, 523 800, and 729 000 m2, respectively. Compared with Scenario B, the pollution areas of Scenario C after 1800, 3807, and 7300 days were cut by 52.97, 74.55, and 81.73, respectively. Given important anti-seepage layers, the tracking monitor system is necessary and important to discover whether the groundwater was contaminated in time.
EN
BacBinh is a sand dune area located in the southern part of central Vietnam. This area is confronted with a lack of water supply. The project aims to investigate the site for artificial recharge (AR) and the management of aquifer recharge (MAR) in the sand dune area. The geological setting of the area is characterised by ryo-dacitic bedrock, which forms steep isolated hills (up to 300 m a.s.l.) overlain by a Pleistocene-Holocene marine sand dunes plateau (up to 200 m a. s. l.). This is represented by prevailing white fine sand (Pleistocene) and prevailing red sand (Holocene), which occurs extensively in the coastal area. The hydrological and geological conditions are investigated by collecting all existing data of aerial and satellite photos, rainfall statistics, morphological/geological/ and hydrogeological maps for acquisition and interpretation. The field geophysical surveys are carried out for the location of groundwater aquifers to site selection, monitoring and operation of groundwater recharge. Hydrochemical and isotopic characterisation of surface water and groundwater in different periods showed that the sand dunes aquifers, with electrical conductivity ranging from 100 to 400 μS/cm, are composed of different water types, characterised by complex mixing processes. The site chosen for the artificial recharge, where 162 days of pumping tests have been carried out, proved that the use of the bank filtration technique has considerably improved the quality of water, which was originally highly contaminated by E-coli bacteria. The well field developed within the present project is now capable of supplying 220 m3/day of good water quality to the HongPhong community, BacBinh district, which were recurrently affected by severe droughts.
EN
In this study, an old rotational landslide that has reactivated in the NW sector of an open-pit mine operated within the gneiss rock unit was evaluated for geological and hydrogeological properties. The pit slopes were susceptible to mass movement when there were variations in water inflows. Considering this fact, a conceptual numerical model concerning geostructural features, rainfall infiltration, and varying hydrological conditions was constructed. Initially, finite element (FE) groundwater seepage analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of water flow on stability in the dry and rainy seasons. The rainy season was simulated by vertical infiltration. Since the dewatering measures are of importance in open pit slope instability mitigation, pumping wells were designed to control water flow through the disturbed zone to improve the stability of the sector that can be triggered again with changing environmental conditions. The performance and organization of the pumping wells were also simulated in the FE model. This FE model was part of a dewatering plan. From this, the effect of the pumping rate from the wells on the stability of the sector was revealed. It was also found that there should be an increase in the pumping rate in the rainy season.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy czynników agresywnych w stosunku do betonu w zamkniętych obiektach gospodarki ściekowej na przykładzie czterech różnych grup obiektów zlokalizowanych w różnych regionach Polski. Na podstawie analiz chemicznych ścieków, ich osadów i skroplin na ścianach i stropach oraz atmosfery ponad ściekami, a także oceny stanu powierzchniowych warstw betonu i zbrojenia, sformułowano wnioski dotyczące agresywności środowiska panującego w komorach oraz wytycznych do projektowania ochrony przeciwkorozyjnej takich obiektów.
EN
In the paper the analysis of agents aggressive to concrete in the covered reinforced concrete chambers and channels for sewage disposal. The examples of four different objects localized in different part of Poland are presented. On the basis of chemical tests of sewage, their sludge and condensate on the walls and covers, the air above the sewage as well as the assessment of the surface of concrete, the conclusions are formulated concerning the aggressiveness in such objects and the recommendations for their anticorrosive protection.
PL
Omówiono podstawowe definicje i pojęcia prawne związane z własnością wód i gruntów pod wodami. Artykuł jest pierwszym z cyklu poświęconego wybranym problemom prawnym. Właściwe określenie charakteru wód oraz ich właściciela - nabiera szczególnego praktycznego znaczenia, w dobie szeroko zakreślonych planów inwestycyjnych w gospodarce wodnej, w tym m.in. budowy dróg wodnych, rozwoju energetyki wodnej, walki z suszą, a także prawidłowości wymiaru opłat za usługi wodne.
EN
The article discusses basic definitions and legal notions related to ownership of waters and underwater land. It is the first article of a series devoted to selected legal issues. The correct determination of the character of waters and their ownership becomes of particular practical importance in times when extensive investment plans in water management are being made, including construction of waterways, development of water power industry, combating drought, as well as correct calculation of water services fees.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the occurrence of hydrogenic habitats in relation to morphogenesis and local groundwater circulation systems. The study was conducted in 2017 on 61 wetlands throughout Poland. Most of the studied habitats were located in the Vistula and Warta glaciation areas. The analyzed hydrogenic habitats belonged mainly to four habitat types: telmatic organic marshes, alluvial mineral marshes, periodic moistlands and peatlands. Three small mountainous spring areas were also included in the analysis. The impact of hydrogeological conditions on the supply and contact of groundwater with the habitat was analyzed. The type of hydrological feeding of habitats was also verified. The classification of morphogenetic conditions was based on the Detailed Geological Map of Poland at a scale of 1:50 000. Based on morphogenetic units, the dominant habitat types in individual units were specified: river valleys, plain glacilacustrine, ice-marginal valleys, lake plains, upland, outwash plains. The occurrence of individual types of habitats against the background of local groundwater circulation systems was also characterized. For selected habitats, a performed analysis encompassed the impact of fluctuations in the groundwater table over many years on the possibilities of groundwater supply.
PL
Artykuł opisuje wpływ wody gruntowej na parcie gruntu na obudowę wykopów płytowych. Jak pokazano, zakłócenia w pracy pomp odwodnieniowych mogą być przyczyną awarii konstrukcji.
EN
The article talks about the influence of water on the lateral earth pressure on retaining walls, meaning temporary shoring shields. As demonstrated, an interruption in the operation of dehydration pumps can cause a construction disaster.
EN
The physicochemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater was assessed to show the impact of the agriculture and human activities in the Triffa Plain located in North-East of Morocco. The current levels of contamination of the groundwater were estimated by analysing electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, orthophosphate, and indicators of faecal pollution content. Water samples from 55 locations were collected during two period of time, the wet and the dry season of the year 2016. Result obtained indicated that most samples are highly contaminated. The electrical conductivity varied from 800 to 9 100 μS∙cm–1. Nitrate levels ranged from 25 to 216 mg∙dm–3, with 78% of samples exceeding the critical level value set at 50 mg∙dm–3. Nitrate concentrations are slightly higher during the wet period in 73% of studied cases. Nitrite rarely exceeded the normal rate fixed by World Health Organization and reached 0.90 mg∙dm–3. Ammonia and orthophosphate contents do not exceed these norms. The study revealed a wide contamination of groundwater by microbial agents such as, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci, with content ranged from 0 to 14 000, 0 to 5 000 and 0 to 5 000 CFU∙(100 cm3)–1 respectively, confirming the impact of septic tanks, wastewater discharge into rivers without treatment, and the use of animal waste on the ground water vulnerability. Samplings and measurements were carried out according to the international standard ISO 13395, ISO 11732 and ISO 15681-2 for chemical compounds and ISO 9308-1 and ISO 7899-2 for microbiological numerations.
PL
Przeprowadzono fizyczną, chemiczną i bakteriologiczną ocenę jakości wód gruntowych, aby wykazać wpływ rolnictwa i innych form działalności człowieka na Równinie Triffa w północnowschodnim Maroku. Poziom zanieczyszczeń oceniono przez analizę przewodnictwa elektrolitycznego, stężeń azotanów i azotynów, jonów amonowych, ortofosforanów oraz wskaźników zanieczyszczeń pochodzenia kałowego. Próbki wody pobrano z 55 stanowisk dwukrotnie – w czasie pory suchej i deszczowej w 2016 r. Wyniki analiz wskazują, że większość próbek wody była silnie zanieczyszczona. Przewodność elektrolityczna właściwa zmieniała się od 800 do 9 100 μS∙cm–1. Stężenie azotanów (V) wynosiło od 25 do 216 mg∙dm–3, a w 78% próbek stwierdzono stężenie większe niż wartość krytyczna równa 50 mg∙dm–3. Stężenie azotanów (III) były nieco większe w porze deszczowej w 73% badanych przypadków. Stężenie azotanów (III) rzadko przekraczało normy ustalone przez WHO, osiągając maksymalnie 0,90 mg∙dm–3. Stężenie jonów amonowych i ortofosforanów nie przekraczało wartości normatywnych. Badania wykazały silne skażenie wód podziemnych mikroorganizmami, co przejawiało się dużym zagęszczeniem całkowitym bakterii coli (0–14 000 jtk∙(100 cm3)–1), bakterii coli pochodzenia kałowego (0–5 000 jtk∙(100 cm3)–1) i kałowych streptokoków (0–5 000 jtk∙(100 cm3)–1). Wyniki te potwierdzają wpływ osadników gnilnych, dopływu nieoczyszczonych ścieków i stosowania nawozów naturalnych na jakość wód gruntowych.
EN
The paper contains a review of dimensionless experimental dependencies determining the coefficient of transverse dispersion Dy. In the course of the dimensional analysis, dimensionless experimental dependencies describing the dispersion of pollutants in groundwater with hydraulic and physical parameters of soil in the case of steady and uniform groundwater motion were presented. The analysis allowed the determination of dimensionless practical relationships defining the dispersion factor in the perpendicular direction to the main flow direction.
PL
Praca zawiera przegląd bezwymiarowych zależności doświadczalnych określających współczynnik poprzecznej dyspersji Dy. W toku analizy wymiarowej zestawiono bezwymiarowe zależności doświadczalne opisujące rozprzestrzenianie zanieczyszczeń w wodzie gruntowej z parametrami hydraulicznymi i fizycznymi gruntu w przypadku ustalonego i jednostajnego ruchu wody gruntowej. Analiza pozwoliła na określenie bezwymiarowych zależności praktycznych określających współczynnik dyspersji w kierunku prostopadłym do głównego kierunku przepływu.
EN
Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources which is essential for the environmental, biological and socio-economic activities. The present paper aims to delineate groundwater potential of Ulhas basin in India through remote sensing and geographical information system. Several groundwater influencing factors such as geology, geomorphology, slope, landuse, rainfall, lineaments are mapped in GIS environment. Later, these factors were ranked on the basis of their influence on the groundwater potential of a region. After that all these factors were integrated together in GIS environment to prepare the groundwater potential map of Ulhas basin. By implementing influencing factor, it is observed that about 21%, 50% and 29% areas are falling under high, moderate, and low groundwater potential zones, correspondingly. The present study is highly valuable to the policymakers, administrative bodies, engineers for management of groundwater and preparing sustainable water resource plans in Ulhas basin. Additionally, the present paper will help to construct artificial groundwater recharge plan in the study area.
PL
Tylko poprawnie wykonany bilans ilościowy ścieków zapewni optymalne działanie sieci kanalizacji sanitarnej oraz obiektów na niej wybudowanych. Projektant i użytkownik ww. sieci kanalizacyjnej dowie się, jakie niezależne ilości obciążają tą sieć kanalizacyjną oraz jak je należy obliczać. Z treści artykułu wynika, jak ważne jest wnikliwe dokonanie analizy czynników wpływających na bilans ilościowy ścieków oraz jaki zakres powinna osiągnąć odpowiedzialność za wykonanie projektu, jego uzgodnienie, wydanie warunków technicznych i jego zaopiniowanie lub uzgodnienie.
EN
Only a properly done quantitative balance of wastewater will ensure the optimal performance a sewage network and the objects built within it. Both designers and users of this sewage network will find out how much independent amount of sewage loads the network and how it should be calculated. The contents of the article clearly demonstrates how important it is to make an in-depth analysis of various factors influencing the quantitative balance and what should be the range of designers’ responsibility for a project, meeting its technical conditions, agreeing them and evaluating.
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