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Technical Solutions Enabling the Physical Training of Astronauts During Long-Term Stays at Space Stations

Żyłka Marta, Żyłka Wojciech, Klukowski Krzysztof

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 4

36--45

EN

This article describes problems related to the adaptation of the human body to the state of weightlessness. International studies on changes in the parameters of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems are analysed. The paper also presents technical solutions in the form of numerous devices enabling human functioning in microgravity conditions, without significant decrease in physical capacity, as well as muscle and bone atrophy. The chief purpose of this paper is to propose an innovative piece of equipment that applies two pneumatic actuators for training of lower bodily parts of astronauts in a space station. The equipment recommended in the article is of the authors’ own patent. Additionally, the authors put forward a proposition of how to control the patented device in a novel way.

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The vibration energy absorption of tractor operator exposed to vertical whole-body vibration under work of the aggregate tractor-round baler

Kromulski Jacek, Szczepaniak Jan, Gajek Dariusz, Mac Jarosław, Wojciechowski Jacek, Zawada Michał

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 65, nr 1

14--20

EN

Humans are most sensitive to whole body vibration (WBV) within the frequency range of 1 to 20 Hz. Whole-body vibration can cause fatigue, stomach problems, headache. After daily exposure over a number of years, whole-body vibration can affect the entire body and result in a number of health disorders. Workers driving tractors or other vehicles are especially at risk of being exposed to WBV. On the basis of the guidance provided in ISO 2631-1 to relate vibration exposure with the risks of health effects are established based on absorbed power. The 4-DOF dynamic model developed by Wan and Schimmels is recommended for the study of biodynamic responses of seated human subjects under vertical whole body vibration. This model of the human body is used to estimate the absorbed power distributed in head, upper torso, lower torso and thighs. The vibration energy (power) absorption of seated human that is exposed to vertical whole-body vibration are investigated under work of the aggregate tractor-round baler.

PL

Ludzie są najbardziej wrażliwi na drgania o działaniu ogólnym w zakresie częstotliwości od 1 do 20 Hz. Drgania o działaniu ogólnym mogą powodować zmęczenie, problemy żołądkowe, ból głowy. Po codziennej, wieloletniej, ekspozycji na drgania o oddziaływaniu ogólnym może zostać powstać szereg zaburzeń zdrowotnych. Pracownicy prowadzący ciągniki lub inne pojazdy są szczególnie narażeni na kontakt z drganiami o oddziaływaniu ogólnym. Na podstawie wytycznych zawartych w normie ISO 2631-1 istnieje powiązanie narażenia na wibracje z ryzykiem skutków zdrowotnych na podstawie pochłoniętej mocy drgań. Model biodynamiczny o czterech stopniach swobody 4-DOF opracowany przez Wana i Schimmelsa jest zalecany do badania reakcji siedzącego kierowcy na pionowe drgania o oddziaływaniu ogólnym. Model ten pozwala wyznaczyć pochłoniętą moc drgań w poszczególnych elementach ciała człowieka: głowa, górną część tułowia, dolną część tułowia oraz uda. Model ten zastosowano do badania absorpcji mocy drgań przez operatora agregatu ciągnik-prasa zwijająca

3

Preliminary assessment of vibration impacts generated by the public transport systems on pregnant women based on subjective reactions

Kromka-Szydek M., Dziechciowski Z., Tyrpin P.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 1

79--92

EN

Research efforts summarised in this study were a part of preliminary investigation to evaluate the impact of pregnant women’s exposure to vibrations generated by public transport system when using. Methods: The assessment of the problem and discomfort for pregnant women, caused by the public transportation is based on a questionnaire including questions relating to the women’s subjective feelings on well-being or discomfort when exposed to vibration during the ride in passenger cars or when using means of public transport. In the second stage of investigation, vibrations transmitted onto a sitting person during the tram or car ride were measured. Results: The survey shows that when travelling on a tram the women complained mostly of digestive or neurological disorders, during the car ride they suffered most acutely from digestive disorders, sensed enhanced foetus movements and reported problems with the osteoarticular system. Amplitude-frequency characteristics of the investigated vehicle types reveal that vibration amplitudes registered during the ride in a motor vehicle are higher than on tram (in the analysed frequency range). Furthermore, vibration accelerations in the z-axis direction registered during the tram ride exceed the vibration discomfort threshold, particularly for the 1/3 octave bands 5 and 6.3 Hz. These are frequency ranges corresponding to resonance frequencies of vital organs in the abdominal cavity (4.5–10 Hz). Conclusions: Correlating these results with frequencies reported in literature associated with subjective human responses to vibration, shows that pregnant women using public transport are likely to suffer from a variety of ailments caused by vibrations generated during the ride.

4

Effect of whole body vibration in energy expenditure and perceived exertion during intense squat exercise

Bertucci W., Arfaoui A., Duc S., Letellier Th., Brikci A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 1

87--93

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of whole body vibration in oxygen uptake during intense squatting exercise with an added weight and whole body vibration compared with the same exercise without vibration. Methods: Nine male subjects performed three trials of dynamic squatting with an additional load of 50% of their body weight during 3 min. One trial without vibration, one trial with the frequency of 40 Hz and amplitude of 2 mm and one trial with the frequency of 40 Hz and amplitude of 4 mm. Results: The results showed no difference between the three experimental trials in relative and absolute oxygen uptake. However, the metabolic power and energy expended in whole body vibration (2 mm) were significantly different from exercise without vibration. The data analysis also showed a significant difference in rating of perceived exertion with whole body vibration (4 mm) compared with the exercise without vibration. Results showed that the addition of vibration stimulus has an increase in the energy expenditure particularly with 40 Hz and 2 mm amplitude, suggesting that the high metabolic power during heavy resistance training could be increased by the addition of vibration stimulation. Conclusions: Involuntary contractions generated by the vibration can be used by coaches to increase the intensity of heavy resistance training or to increase the energy expended during the workouts if the goal is a decrease of body mass.

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The effect of short- and long-term vibration training on postural stability in men

Piecha M., Król P., Juras G., Sobota G., Polak A., Bacik B.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2013

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Vol. 15, no. 3

29--35

EN

The study aimed to establish the short- and long-term effects of vibration on postural stability in young men. A single set of exercises and a 4-week vibration training were assessed for their impact on the center of foot pressure (COP) sway. The sample consisted of 49 male subjects randomly allocated to seven comparative groups, six of which exercised on a vibration platform whose parameters were set individually for the groups. Group VII was the control group. The stabilographic signal was recorded before the test commenced, after a single application of vibration, before the last set of exercises of the 4-week vibration training, immediately afterwards, as well as one week and one month after the training ended. The subjects were exposed to vibration 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Both a single application of vibration and the 4-week vibration training had an effect on all parameter values, but most changes were statistically insignificant. Group III was the only one where the COP sway in the anterior-posterior direction significantly increased after a single exposure to vibration and significantly decreased in both anterior-posterior and medio-lateral planes one week after vibration training compared with the pre-test recordings.

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Energy experimental method verification dynamical model of human under whole body vibration

Grygorowicz M., Dobry M. W., Tabaszewski M.

Vibrations in Physical Systems

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2010

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Vol. 24

137--142

EN

The article presents energetic experimental method of verification dynamical model of human under whole body vibration. There are two phases of this method. Base of the first one is laboratory measurements of strength stimulation power and energy flow. Measurement is made in point of connection actuator and seat loaded sitting operator for slow turn of standard frequency band for whole body vibration. The second phase its digital simulation of power distribution and energy flow in biodynamical structure of physical model human seated also at this some frequency. Compare e.g. two energy flow curves into biodynamical structure of human body and energy dose, which passed in this time to man, allows to assess the correctness of the structure and dynamical parameters of physical models.

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Porównawcza ocena termowizyjna kończyn dolnych po terapii PNF oraz treningu wibracyjnym u dziecka z przepukliną oponowo-rdzeniową

Talar A. D., Łukowicz M., Zalewski P., Dejewska I.

Acta Bio-Optica et Informatica Medica. Inżynieria Biomedyczna

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2008

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Vol. 14, nr 3

199-203

PL

WSTĘP. Przepuklina oponowo-rdzeniowa jest wielosegmentową, wrodzoną wadą kręgosłupa spowodowaną niedorozwojem kręgów w procesie tworzenia się struktur rdzenia kręgowego i kręgosłupa w trzecim tygodniu życia zarodkowego dziecka. Poniżej miejsca uszkodzenia dochodzi do zaniku funkcji neurologicznych, zatem stan i samodzielność dziecka uzależnione są od poziomu lokalizacji wady. W celu poprawy funkcji kończyn dolnych wykorzystuje się różne metody kinezyterapeutyczne, w tym metodę NDT-Bobath (Neuro Developmental Treatment) metodę Vojty, PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation) itp. Badany jest również wpływ treningu wibracyjnego na poprawę funkcji układu mięśniowo-więzadłowego, kości, poprawę krążenia, równowagi, skoczności. CEL. Celem badania była termowizyjna analiza porównawcza dwóch form terapii: funkcjonalnej metodą PNF i wibracyjnej w przypadku pacjentki z niedowładem wiotkim kończyn dolnych. MATERIAŁ I METODA. Badaniu poddano siedmioletnią dziewczynkę z przepukliną oponowo-rdzeniową w odcinku lędźwiowo-krzyżowym. Dokonano oceny termowizyjnej efektów terapii kończyn dolnych: po 4 tygodniach ćwiczeń wg koncepcji PNF i 4 tygodni treningu wibracyjnego na platformie Galileo 2000. Badania termowizyjne wykonano za pomocą kamery termowizyjnej P640 firmy FLIR SYSTEMS. WYNIKI. Uzyskano wzrost temperatury kończyn dolnych, zwłaszcza lewej, lepiej unerwionej w przypadku terapii wibracyjnej, nie obserwowano zmian lub stwierdzono spadek temperatury po terapii PNF. WNIOSKI. Terapia wibracyjna przyczyniła się do stymulacji mięśni kończyn dolnych, zwłaszcza lewej, u dziewczynki z niedowładem wiotkim w przebiegu przepukliny oponowo-rdzeniowej, nie obserwowano takich efektów po terapii PNF.

EN

INTRODUCTION. Myelomeningocele is a multUevel dysplasia of spine of embryonic phase origin. Depending on the level of lesion the neurological dysfunction appears which causes gait disturbances, weakness of muscles, less of sensation and neurological bladder. There are numerous kinesiotherapeutic methods introduced, i.a. PNF, NDT - Bobath, Vojta, to improve the functioning of the child. Recently the application of vibration therapy is evaluated as a treatment method of improving the muscular-ligament system, t)ones structures, improvement of blood circulation, balance and the strength. AIM. The aim of this paper was the thermovisual comparative analysis of two treatment methods: vibration and PNF therapy applied in case of the patient suffering from flaccid paraparesis. MATERIAL AND METHOD. 7 year old child with myelomeningocele was treated with vibration therapy on Galileo table; 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Then, 4-week PNF therapy was applied - 30 minutes a day. The measurements were taken in many points on the dorsal and ventral side of both legs. P640 camera (FLIR SYSTEMS) was used. RESULTS. The increase of temperature of the lower limbs was noticed (especially left, better innervated) as a result of vibration therapy. There were no changes observed or the decrease of temperature was notices in case of PNF therapy. CONCLUSIONS. Vibration therapy proved to be effective in children suffering from flaccid paraparesis after myelomeningocele. Such changes were not observed after PNF therapy application.

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Effects of Manual Handling, Posture, and Whole Body Vibrations on Low-Back Pain

Meyer J. P., Flenghi D., Deschamps J. P.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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1998

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Vol. 4, No. 4

449--470

EN

To determine the effect of occupational stress on low-back pain (LBP), a cross-sectional study has been carried out, by interviews, on workers exposed to 3 stresses: manual handling (MH, 82 women and 264 men), whole body vibrations (WBV, 274 men), and static postures (278 women). Anthropometric data, occupational stress, LBP severity and frequency, and a psychological evaluation of these groups were compared to those of a control population of 208 workers (104 men and 104 women). The results show that 30% of the population had never suffered from LBP. Age and the body mass index of the workers were the parameters most closely associated with LBP. Women involved in MH had higher frequency and severity of LBP than their reference population. Men involved in MH or exposed to WBV had higher frequency of painful episodes than their reference population. Workers exposed to one of the stresses were on sick leave for LBP more often, and for longer periods, than workers in the reference group. The results show that individual factors are often decisive in the onset of LBP. Nevertheless, in the more serious LBP cases, occupational stress is an aggravating factor for LBP and its consequences.