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1

The structural analysis of the farming systems resilience after the Covid-19 pandemic in West Timor, Indonesia

Benu Fredrik L., Wulakada Hamza H., Pandie David B.W., Tanggela Yosua, King Paul G., Asa Halena M., Neolaka Yantus A.B.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

12--23

EN

Although Indonesia has recorded good performance in its national economic development, especially in the agriculture sector during the Covid-19 pandemic, the impact of the pandemic on farming and food systems has not been evaluated yet. This study has evaluated the resilience of the two dominant existing farming systems in West Timor, i.e. (i) wetland farming system and (ii) dryland farming system. This research aims to understand the resilience of farming after the Covid-19 pandemic and to develop strategic policies that could be adopted to increase the resilience of the farming system in West Timor. A quantitative analysis using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to evaluate the relationship and impact of the following seven generic aspects: labour movement, sustainability, economy, socioculture, output markets, input markets, farming system resilience, and 27 reflective indicators. The analysis shows that dryland farming systems are more resilient than wetland farming systems. It might be understood from the size of the regression coefficient, as the impact of exogenous construct variables of the environment, socioculture, input, and output on the resilience of dryland farming systems is more significant than on wetlands. Economic performance rather than labour movement factors will create better resilience of farming systems for wetland or dryland after the Covid-19 pandemic. Finally, the economic recovery process and the ongoing input supply mechanism after the Covid-19 pandemic have increased the resilience of the dryland food system more than the resilience of the wetland farming system.

2

Optimization of A constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell system for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater and power generation performance

Shi Yucui, Li Yongwei, Liu Qing, You Shaohong

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 2

41--60

EN

A new type of bioelectrochemical system features a constructed wetland (CW) coupled with a microbial fuel cell (MFC) to treat Cr(VI) wastewater while generating electricity. The optimal operating parameters for treating wastewater containing Cr(VI) are discussed. The results show that the CW- -MFC system is more effective in the treatment of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater and generating electricity. A COD concentration of 300 mg/dm3 corresponded to the greatest COD and Cr(VI) removal rates with a maximum power density of 505.62 mW/m3, whereas a Cr(VI) concentration of 80 mg/dm3 yielded the greatest COD removal rate, with a maximum power density of 484.43 mW/m3. A hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 days yielded the largest pollutant removal rates with a maximum power density of 479.21 mW/m3. Considering that the comprehensive operating conditions of CW-MFC are based on planting plants, the COD concentration is 300 mg/dm3, the Cr(VI) concentration is 80 mg/dm3, and the HRT is 3 days. The abundance of electrogenic bacteria Geobacter and metal dissimilatory reducing bacteria Acinetobacter in CW-MFC is higher than that in the control group. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for determining the optimal operating conditions and energy recovery of the CW-MFC system for treating chromium wastewater.

3

Study of the Bacteriological Quality of a Continental Wetland – Case of the Dayet Er Roumi Lake (Khemisset, Morocco)

Sadki Mohcine, Chahlaoui Abdelkader, Saidi Abdelhak, Belkhiri Abdelkhalek, Bengoumi Driss

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

205--217

EN

The Dayet Er Roumi lake located in the biogeographic zone of the central meseta belonging to the province of Khemisset, constitutes the only permanent natural lake of low altitude in Morocco. The lake’s water body is the essence of the existence of this natural and environmental space. The objective of the present study was on the one hand to evaluate the current state of the bacteriological quality of the waters lake Dayet Er Roumi, and on the other hand to define the risks of the pollution waters lake, and its origin. In order to carry out this work well, the evolution of the bacteriological parameters of the waters lake during the period from October 2020 until September 2021 was studied at the level of four stations of sampling. The obtained results showed that the waters of Dayet Er Roumi are confronted with a strong pressure generated by the discharges of domestic waters of the neighbouring agglomerations and also by activities of natural, agricultural and tourist origin. Indeed, the bacterial load is expressed by a high load of bacteria indicative of fecal contamination which varies between 50 and 346∙103 CFU/1 ml for total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF) at 22 °C, 6 and 72∙103 CFU/1 ml for TAMF at 37 °C, 15 and 62∙103 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms (TC), 0 and 4350 CFU/100 ml for faecal coliforms, 0 and 16 350 CFU/100 ml for faecal streptococci, 1 and 13∙103 CFU/20 ml for sulphite-reducing anaerobes, 38 and 22 680 CFU/100 ml for Staphylococcus aureus and between 160 and 33 600 CFU/100 ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results largely exceed the Moroccan standards for the water intended for irrigation. They could be the cause of possible contamination of irrigated crops as well as groundwater in the region, and consequently have repercussions on human health.

4

Świadczenia ekosystemów mokradłowych, czyli rzecz o niemających alternatywy, opartych na naturze metodach gospodarowania wodą

Strzęciwilk Karolina, Stachowicz Marta, Grygoruk Mateusz

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 1

16--21

PL

Usługi ekosystemowe (świadczenia ekosystemów) są dobrami naturalnymi wytwarzanymi przez środowisko, funkcjami i procesami środowiska oraz wszelkimi korzyściami pochodzącymi ze środowiska, które są wykorzystywane przez ludzi i przyczyniają się do dobrobytu gospodarczego, społecznego i kulturowego. Ekosystemy wodne i mokradłowe dostarczają społeczeństwu szeregu mierzalnych korzyści, które w wyniku niewłaściwej gospodarki wodnej ulegają utraceniu. W artykule podjęto próbę syntetycznej oceny świadczeń ekosystemów mokradłowych, których dostarczanie i wartości są determinowane możliwością wdrożenia nowoczesnej, mniej inwazyjnej gospodarki wodnej. Określono, że najważniejsze świadczenia ekosystemów bagiennych - retencjonowanie wody, sekwestracja węgla w glebach torfowych oraz usuwanie przez bagienne strefy buforowe zanieczyszczeń (azotu całkowitego i fosforu całkowitego) - są możliwe wyłącznie w warunkach utrzymania odpowiednio wysokiego ich uwilgotnienia. Oceniono, że średnia łączna wartość tych czterech usług ekosystemowych mokradeł wynosi 3 141,12 EUR x ha-1 x rok-1 i jako taka powinna być stosowana w algorytmach optymalizacji zysków i strat płynących z użytkowania terenów bagiennych.

EN

Ecosystem services are natural assets produced by the environment, environmental functions and processes as well as all benefits originating from the environment and used by people, contributing to their economic, social and cultural well-being. Water and wetland ecosystems provide a number of measurable benefits which, due to improper water management, are lost. The article constitutes an attempt at synthetic analysis of wetland ecosystem services, the provision and value of which are determined by the possibility to implement modern, less invasive water management. The authors conclude that the most important services of wetland ecosystems - water retention, carbon sequestration in peat soils and elimination of pollution by peat bog buffer zones (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) - are possible only in conditions maintaining their high level of moisture. The article indicates that the average value of these four ecosystem services amounts to EUR 3,141.12 x ha-1 x year-1 and as such it should be used in algorithms for optimisation of profits and losses originating from the use of peat land.

5

Remote Sensing at the Service of Wetlands Mapping: A Case of the Lower Loukkos Complex (North-West Morocco)

Fathi Badreddine, Tribak Abdelghani Afailal, Wahbi Miriam, Maâtouk Mustapha, Sebbah Boutaina

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

225--239

EN

Despite their highly recognized ecological values and ecosystem services, approved by the scientific community, wetlands are in perpetual degradation and their global spatial extension in significant regression. The conservation and sustainability of such ecosystems begins with their monitoring and delimitation. This study aims to develop an approach using open access remote sensing data to make this delineation. Applied to the coastal wetland complex of the lower Loukkos in the Mediterranean area, the methodology followed a two-step process. Firstly, it predicted the spaces favourable for water accumulation conditions, and secondly, it identified the presence of water and its response on the soil and vegetation. The approach was based on a theoretical modelling adopting the potential, existing, efficient wetland (PEEW) approach. The recordings from Sentinel sensors served as the basis for calculating indices Beven-Kirkby Index (BKI), Buffer zone Index (BZI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Modified Normalized water difference index (MNDWI) to pre-locate and model potential wetland areas (PW). Photo Interpretation was used to map the existing wetland areas (EW). The estimated area of wetlands in the lower Loukkos region is 379 km2 for potential areas identified from topographic data and the hydrographic network, 120 km2 for areas dominated by wetlands detected by remote sensing of water bodies , vegetation and soil moisture, and 33 km2 for natural wetlands identified by photo-interpretation. As a result, the area of current wetlands is only about 9.5% of their theoretical past extent. The validity of this method was confirmed through a comparison of the results with field investigations and hydromorphic traits in soil surveys, as well as external soil mapping data, showing an 84% concordance.

6

Adsorption of Mercury and Zinc in Agricultural Soils by Sphagneticola trilobata

Aveiga Ana, Pinargote Cruz, Peñarrieta Fabián, Teca Jorge, Alcántara Francisco

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

230--235

EN

Given the imminent deterioration of environmental quality, the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soil is one of the main concerns worldwide. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the adsorption potential of mercury and zinc by Sphagneticola trilobata. After 60 days, the distribution of heavy metals in the roots and the leaves of the plants was determined. As a result, the plant adsorbed mercury between 43.49 and 59.22%, and zinc between 32.68 and 64.37%. According to the bioconcentration and translocation factors of Sphagneticola trilobata obtained in the present work, the phytostabilizing capacity of mercury and zinc is like Eichhornia crassipes and Sorghum bicolor.

7

Response of methane emissions to water levels in simulated constructed wetlands

Li Yanran, Xu Qin, Ji Shuping, Liu Jian

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 3

5--12

EN

Wetland is an important natural source of methane (CH4) generated under the actions of methanogens in the anaerobic environment. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to quantify the response of methane emissions to water levels by simulating three water levels (10, 20, and 40 cm) in constructed wetlands and the methane was determined by the static chamber-gas chromatograph technique. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the emissions of CH4 were positively correlated with water temperature and air temperature while they were negatively correlated with air humidity. The water levels simulation experiment showed that the emission of CH4 was the highest when the water level was 20 cm and the CH4 concentrations of the water-air interface had different patterns at various water levels in the daytime. In conclusion, water level and temperature should be considered when accounting for greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands as they both have important influences on CH4 emission.

8

A Critical Review on Economical and Sustainable Solutions for Wastewater Treatment Using Constructed Wetland

Vishwakarma Smily, Dharmendra Dr

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 3

260--284

EN

Pollutant removal by the mechanism of constructed wetland has led to low cost, highly efficient wastewater treatment technology. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are artificial engineered systems that mimic like natural wetlands. CW’s have been used in previous research to treat a broad range of waste streams at large-scale for low-cost application in wastewater management. Generally, the most literature has targeted a particular class of mechanism or the other due to lack of generalized techniques for wastewater management using CWs. This work focuses on to introductory information and review on concept of CWs based on the latest mechanisms for the wastewater treatment to inspire economical and sustainable solutions to water based environmental problems. This research emphasis CW mechanism, construction, design, and applications of CWs as well as optimization of CWs for the treatment of wastewater. This review also highlights the study with different treatment stages of CWs for removing pollutants from different types of wastewaters.

9

Restoration possibilities of valuable natural habitats

Nicia Paweł, Bejger Romualda, Sterzyńska Maria, Zadrożny Paweł, Parzych Piotr

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2021

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Vol. 1, no. 1

37--45

EN

Restoration is a well-known and commonly used active and/or passive protection procedure that is aimed at restoring the original habitat conditions. The choice of restoration methods is closely related to the properties and conditions in a given habitat. The scope of activities carried out as part of the restoration procedure is selected in such a way so as to intervene in the natural environment as little as possible and bring the best results. Such activities are commonly considered difficult to implement and burdened with significant costs, while their usefulness is low. However, practice shows that it is possible to undertake restoration activities at low costs and with positive effects that are visible in a relatively short time. The restoration of valuable hydrogenic habitats, such as the mountain fens of the Caltho-Alnetum community in the Babia Góra massif is a great example here. The performed restoration activities proved that with minimal intervention in the environment, with the use of natural local materials or the application of extensive forms of utilisation, the condition of these habitats was improved, the degradation processes were stopped and their natural functioning was restored.

10

Evaluation of the Distribution of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Inland Wetlands (Peru) Using Multivariate Statistical Methods

Custodio María, Peñaloza Richard

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 3

104--111

EN

Heavy metals in the environment circulate among the different compartments and can accumulate, convert into organic complexes and biomagnify in the food chain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of heavy metals and arsenic in inland wetlands using multivariate statistical methods. Samples of water, sediment and aquatic vegetation were collected at 48 sampling sites established in the Paca and Tragadero lagoon wetlands. The determination of heavy metals and arsenic was carried out using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The decreasing order of heavy metal and arsenic concentration in sediment was Fe>Zn>Pb>As, in water it was Zn>Fe>Pb>As and in S. californicus it was Zn>Fe>Pb>As. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that there are significant differences in heavy metal and arsenic concentrations in sediment between ponds and between sampling sites. Generalized linear model (GLM) analysis on vegetables indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic in the vegetable increase as a function of their concentration in sediment.

11

Feasibility of Constructed Wetland Using Coagulation Flocculation Technology in Batik Wastewater Treatment

Rahmadyanti Erina, Febriyanti Cyntia Puspa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

67--77

EN

The batik industry became a double-edged sword for the development of Indonesia. While it plays a significant role in economy, it also contributes to the environmental pollution, which is mostly caused by the lack of appropriate technology for the wastewater treatment in small industries. This study aims at determining the feasibility in combining the coagulation-flocculation technology using Moringa oleifera seeds powder (MOSP) with horizontal subsurface constructed wetland (HSSFCW) in treating the batik wastewater. The results show that combining 750 mg/L MOSP in the coagulation flocculation technology with 5 days retention time on HSSFCW optimally removed 89.33% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD); 98.11% of total suspended solids (TSS); and 92.05% of fat, oil, and grease (FOG). Moreover, it increases the pH conditions up to 7.33. Despite its high removal efficiency, this technology combination is not feasible in the batik wastewater treatment due to inability to meet the standard effluent of the discharged wastewater. Therefore, adding pre-post treatment to this technology implementation is recommended to obtain the standard effluents of wastewater discharged.

12

Effects of environmental and anthropogenic determinants on changes in groundwater levels in selected peat bogs of Slowinski National Park, northern Poland

Chlost I., Cieśliński R.

Geologos

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2018

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Vol. 24, No. 1

13--28

EN

The present study focuses on two Baltic-type peat bogs in Slowinski National Park, namely that at Żarnowskie and at Kluki, located in the Lake Łebsko catchment and both characterised by a centrally located dome with a very marshy fringe area featuring an emerging marshy coniferous forest (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum). The Żarnowskie bog is under active protection. A total of 24 flow barriers were installed in drainage ditches during the years 2006 and 2007. The purpose of these barriers was to put a halt to water outflow. In addition, 30 hectares of young pine forest were cleared in order to decrease loss of water via evapotranspiration. Kluki peat bog is only partially protected by Polish law. The lack of efforts to prevent outflow via the canal is due to the fact that the canal is utilised to drain meadows in the vicinity of the village of Łokciowe outside of the national park. Peat formation no longer occurs in this peat bog. The hydrological condition of the bog is catastrophic as a result of its main canal, referred to as Canal C9, which is 2.5 to 3.0 m deep and 10 m wide in places. Both peat bogs are monitored for fluctuations in groundwater. Research has shown that changes in water levels fluctuate based on season of the year and geographical location, which is illustrated quite well using the two studied peat bogs. The water retention rate of the Żarnowskie peat bog may be considered fairly high and is likely to improve due to protective measures enabled by Polish environmental laws. The water retention rate of the bog is consistently improving thanks to these measures, fluctuations in water level are small and the water level does not drop under 0.5 m below ground level even under extreme hydrometeorological conditions. This yields optimum conditions for renewed peat formation in this area. One potential threat is the Krakulice peat extraction facility, which is located in the southern part of the bog close to the boundary with the national park.

13

POLWET – system for new space-based products for wetlands under Ramsar Convention

Dabrowska-Zielinska K., Bartold M., Gurdak R.

Geoinformation Issues

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2016

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Vol. 8, no. 1(8)

25--35

EN

The main objective of the POLWET project is to establish wetlands monitoring system and to create the dedicated EO-based information service as a platform enabling on-line accessibility of the final products to the end-users. The service will be useful for appropriate sustainable wetlands management and conservation, by offering the products such as: land use/land use changes, changes of water surface, floods extent, moisture conditions, biomass development and changes. Within the POLWET project various EO-based products will be generated for the selected wetland areas in Poland included to Ramsar Convention. High and low resolution optical satellite data derived from Landsat mission (1984–2015) and Terra.MODIS (2001–2015) will be applied. Radar images derived from Envisat.ASAR (2003–2011) will be exploited as well. The satellite observations derived from Sentinel mission (2015–2016) will be used to elaborate the latest maps. Data collected by the satellites characterize diversified spatial, temporal and radiometric resolution. The satellite observations allow to elaborate comprehensive information service, performed at a local as well as global level. For each of thirteen Ramsar Convention protected areas in Poland, series of maps presenting vegetation indices and surface temperature will be produced on the basis of satellite observations. The maps of vegetation indices enable spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation condition and support on monitoring of environmental hazards. The maps of surface roughness and soil moisture will be elaborated on the basis of archival and actual Sentinel-1 radar images. The relationship between backscatter σ0 and vegetation parameters will be established for each of the wetland land cover class. The canopy height model will be developed from radar images as well. Within the research the methodology on change detection using Landsat time-series covering period 1987–2014 was developed. The results on land cover changes over Narew valley were firstly verified analyzing the maps derived from Narew National Park headquarters. Next the results on changes were validated using the numerical data derived from the CORINE Land Cover database. The accuracy of properly detected changes over Narew National Park has been achieved at 86.3%. The project POLWET, funded by European Space Agency ESA is in the stream of researches where multitemporal and high-resolution satellite data Landsat and Sentinel are exploited in order to monitor global land cover changes. The information system built within the project of Ramsar wetland sites in Poland, will support future GlobWetland III project, which is international initiative aimed to build information service for two hundred wetland areas covered in the Mediterranean Basin.

PL

Projekt POLWET ma na celu zbudowanie serwisu wspomagającego zarządzanie obszarami przyrody chronionej objętymi Konwencją Ramsarską w Polsce. W ramach projektu jest opracowywany system monitorowania mokradeł wraz z dedykowaną platformą, oferującą szeroką gamę modułów tematycznych. Pierwszą grupę tematyczną stanowią moduły z mapami pokrycia terenu i jego zmian, zbiorowisk roślinnych, wód powierzchniowych oraz wiosennych podtopień. Drugą grupę stanowią moduły z szeregami map prezentujących czasowo-przestrzenny rozkład wybranych wskaźników i parametrów charakteryzujących kondycję roślinności oraz warunki atmosferyczne. Do opracowania map tematycznych zostaną wykorzystane wieloletnie zobrazowania optyczne z satelitów Landsat (1984–2015), Terra.MODIS (2001–2015) oraz radarowe z satelity Envisat.ASAR (2003–2011). Najnowsze opracowania będą przygotowywane na podstawie danych satelitarnych pochodzących z misji Sentinel (2015–2016), należących do Programu Obserwacji Ziemi COPERNICUS. Dane te charakteryzują się zróżnicowaną rozdzielczością przestrzenną, czasową i radiometryczną. Pozwalają one na opracowanie kompleksowego serwisu informacji, zarówno na poziomie lokalnym jak i krajowym. Dla każdego z trzynastu obszarów ochrony przyrody, wpisanych na listę Konwencji Ramsar zostały przygotowane serie map wskaźników roślinnych i temperaturowych opracowanych na podstawie obserwacji satelitarnych. Mapy wskaźników umożliwiają czasowo-przestrzenną analizę kondycji roślinności oraz dają wsparcie w zdalnym monitorowaniu zagrożeń środowiskowych. Na podstawie archiwalnych zobrazowań radarowych i aktualnych zdjęć satelitarnych Sentinel-1 zostaną opracowane mapy wilgotności gleby i jej zmian, a także szorstkości podłoża charakteryzujące wysokość i strukturę zbiorowisk roślinnych. W wyniku realizacji dotychczasowych prac została opracowana metodyka detekcji zmian pokrycia terenu na podstawie szeregów czasowych Landsat. W oparciu o dane numeryczne, udostępnione przez Narwiański Park Narodowy, weryfikowano wyniki śledzenia zmian w pokryciu terenu w latach 1987–2011. Następnie na podstawie CORINE Land Cover zostały zweryfikowane wyniki zmian. Dokładność rozpoznanych zmian osiągnięto na poziomie 86.3%. Niniejszy projekt POLWET, finansowany przez Europejską Agencję Kosmiczną ESA, wchodzi w nurt badań stosowanych wykorzystujących możliwości wieloczasowych, wysokorozdzielczych zdjęć satelitarnych Landsat i Sentinel do monitorowania zmian pokrycia powierzchni Ziemi. Może stanowić wsparcie do lokalnych działań dotyczących ochrony i zarządzania obszarami mokradeł. Jak również może wesprzeć GlobWetland, międzynarodowe przedsięwzięcie, w ramach którego jest przygotowywany serwis informacji dla 200 obszarów mokradeł zlokalizowanych w basenie Morza Śródziemnego.

14

Badania nośności terenów podmokłych w aspekcie ich przejezdności

Łopatka M., Płocharz W., Rubiec A., Zembrowski K.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 3

2929--2936, CD 1

PL

Projektowanie, a następnie użytkowanie maszyn na terenach o niskiej nośności wymaga dokładnego zbadania charakterystyki podłoża na przewidywanym obszarze eksploatacji tego typu sprzętu. Jednym ze sposobów określania nośności terenu jest metoda CI – badania podłoży poprzez zagłębianie w grunt znormalizowanego stożka. Brak dostępnych w literaturze wyników badań obszarów podmokłych występujących w umiarkowanej strefie klimatycznej, w szczególności w Polsce powoduje, że w celu zaprojektowania nowych układów bieżnych dedykowanych do maszyn pracujących na terenach o niskiej nośności istnieje konieczność przeprowadzenia dokładnych badań podłoży podmokłych. W referacie przedstawiono opis metody określania nośności gruntu z wykorzystaniem penetrometru z końcówką w kształcie stożka. W dalszej części opracowania zawarto wyniki badań nośności podłoża na wybranym obszarze podmokłym województwa wielkopolskiego. Ich szczegółowa analiza pozwoliła na wstępną oszacowanie stopnia przejezdności na badanym obszarze. Przenoszenie tych wyników na inne tereny kraju wymaga przeprowadzenia większej ilości badań, które mogą stać się przyczynkiem do opracowania dostępności podmokłych terenów Polski. Ich miarodajność wymaga prowadzenia badań wieloletnich o różnych porach roku.

EN

Design and use of machines in low load capacity areas requires a thorough examination of the characteristics of the expected operation ground for particular equipment. One of the solutions to determine the negotiability of ground is the CI method using normalized cone to penetrate ground. Lack of available in the literature results of research concerning wetlands in the temperate climatic zone, in particular in Poland causes that, in order to design a new chassis dedicated to the machines working in areas with low load capacity, it is necessary to carry out thorough study of wetlands. The paper describes the method for determining soil load capacity using a penetrometer with a cone-shaped tip. Moreover, the paper contains the results of load capacity research of selected wetlands in Wielkopolska province. Their detailed analysis allowed for a preliminary estimation of the value of the stresses occurring in the wetland in Poland. Extrapolation of these results to other areas of the country requires more research, which may become a contribution to working out maps of available for vehicles wetlands in Poland.

15

Cod Fractions Changes During Sewage Treatment With Constructed Wetland

Smyk J., Ignatowicz K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 3

43--48

EN

The purpose of the presented research work was to find out COD fractions in raw wastewater and during treatment with constructed wetland (CW) system. The tests were performed in CW system with average flow of about 4 m3/day. In raw wastewater the highest concentration of fraction in organic suspended solid easy biodegradable (XS – 250 mg O2/l) was observed. The same situation was with dissolved organic easy biodegradable matter (SS – 250 mg O2/l). Lower quantity of non-biodegradable fractions dissolved and in suspended solids were observed (SI – 27 mg O2/l, XI – 83.33 mg O2/l). More than 80% of total COD was as biodegradable fractions (SS + X). After treatment with CW system the highest concentration was observed for dissolved non biodegradable fraction (SI – 27 mg O2/l). Lower concentration was for biodegradable fraction in suspended solid (XS – 3.33 mg O2/l). More than 89% of total COD was in biological non-biodegradable fraction (SI + XI).

16

Wybrane problemy metodyczne pomiaru turbulencyjnej wymiany dwutlenku węgla na terenie podmokłym - Biebrzański Park Narodowy 2010

Pawlak W., Fortuniak K., Siedlecki M., Kłysik K.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2012

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Z. 2

255-265

PL

W 2010 roku, w środkowym Basenie Biebrzańskiego Parku Narodowego, przeprowadzono pomiary turbulencyjnej wymiany dwutlenku. Eksperyment przeprowadzono w trzech dwutygodniowych sesjach - na wiosnę, oraz na początku i pod koniec lata, co umożliwiło analizę wpływu fazy rozwoju roślin na intensywność wymiany dwutlenku węgla. Pomiary przeprowadzono za wykorzystaniem metody kowariancji wirów za pomocą standardowego zestawu pomiarowego składającego się z anemometru ultradźwiękowego oraz analizatora gazowego CO2/H2O, których zadaniem była rejestracja fluktuacji pionowej składowej prędkości wiatru oraz stężenia dwutlenku węgla w powietrzu. Podczas pierwszego tygodnia każdej z sesji pomiary prowadzone były na podmokłej łące (turzycowisko na glebie torfowo - murszowej), podczas gdy w drugim tygodniu stanowisko przenoszono na bagno (szuwary i turzycowiska na glebie torfie). Zastosowanie metody kowariancji wirów, najdokładniejszej obecnie metody pozwalającej na pomiar turbulencyjnej wymiany masy i energii między powierzchnią czynną a atmosferą, wciąż napotyka na trudności metodyczne. Pomimo bardzo dużej liczby publikacji szczegółowo opisujących problematykę pomiarów tego typu oraz metod oceny jakości uzyskanych danych, różne grupy badawcze stosują różne rozwiązania. Celem pracy jest prezentacja wybranych problematów metodycznych takich jak wybór długości przedziału uśredniania, stacjonarność danych czy pomiary w warunkach osłabionej turbulencji. Analiza wyników wskazuje, że stosowanie odmiennych rozwiązań metodycznych prowadzi do często bardzo różnych wyników.

EN

In 2010 measurements of carbon dioxide turbulent exchange has been carried out in central basin of Biebrza National Park. Experiment has been realized during three two-weeks sessions - in spring, early and late summer, which enabled analysis of relation between plants grow phase and intensity of carbon dioxide exchange. Measurements has been carried out with eddy covariance method and standard measurement system consists in sonic anemometer and infra red CO2/H2O gas analyzer, which measured fluctuations of, respectively, vertical wind speed carbon dioxide density. During the first week of each session measurements has been carried out above peat meadow and next measurement system has been moved to bog. Using of eddy covariance method, the most accurate way to determining turbulent exchange of mass or energy between active surface and atmosphere, still encounter difficulties. Despite the large number of published papers describing methodological problems of eddy covariance method post-processing, research groups use different solutions. The aim of this paper is to discuss selected methodological problems like averaging period length, data series stationarity and measurements in case of weak turbulence conditions. Analysis shows that different solutions leads to different final results.

17

Dynamics of phosphorus in lacustrine sediments: the process of uptake/release of dissolved reactive phosphorus by sediments in different habitats and lakes

Rzepecki M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 4

717--740

EN

Lake eutrophication and its consequences is still an important water quality problem being an effect of nutrient input to surface waters. In most lakes of the temperate zone, phosphorus is the nutrient responsible for eutrophication. Bottom sediments are the main pool involved in the retention and cycling of this element. Bottom sediments, depending on their chemical composition and aeration of the overlying water, may take up or release dissolved phosphorus i.e. the form easy utilizable by the plants. This study was aimed at comparing the exchange (uptake/release) of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in experiments that simulated natural conditions in various types of bottom sediments originating from different river-lake habitats typical of Masurian Lakeland (north-east Poland). Several river-lake systems typical for postglacial landscape were selected like river Jorka (15 km long, 5 lakes in cascade) and river Krutynia (~100 km long flowing through 17 lakes). Sediments used in experiments were taken from the littoral and profundal zones of four lakes (meso- meso-eu-, eutrophic and hypertrophic), from a humic lake and from ecotone zones at the land-water border and at the border between lake and river (from through-flow lakes). In total, 154 experiments were performed to assess the intensity of P exchange at a high (> 8 mg O2 L-1) and low (<2 mg O2 L-1) concentration of oxygen in water overlying undisturbed sediment cores. The following P fractions were isolated using the sequential extraction method and their importance was further analysed: easily exchangeable P (NH4Cl-RP – loosely bound, most available P; BD-RP – redox-dependent P associated with metal (Fe, Mn) hydroxides; NaOH-RP – phosphorus adsorbed mainly on metal (Fe, Al) oxides), hardly exchangeable P (BD-NRP – mainly organic P, whose stability depends on redox potential; NaOH-NRP – phosphorus in microorganisms, polyphosphates and part of organic P bound to detritus and humic substances) and non-exchangeable P (HCl-P – phosphorus bound to carbonates, apatite-P and phosphorus released during total dissolution of metal oxides; P-residual – non-exchangeable P together with part of organic P). The effect of various factors (i.e. Fe, Mn, Mg, Al, Ca, organic matter, total P content and its fractions) on the intensity of DRP uptake/release was analysed with Pearson correlation and multiple regression. In sediments (both littoral and profundal) from lakes of the Jorka River trophic gradient, high oxygen conditions were always accompanied by P uptake (from –0.9 to –2.8 mg P m-2 d-1) while reduced oxygen concentrations were followed by DRP release (from 2.3 to 18.6 mg P m-2 d-1). These values were several dozen times higher than those noted for sediments from humic lake. Profundal sediments released more P than the littoral ones. In profundal sediments of all lakes of the Jorka River, the intensity of DRP release to overlying water under reduced O2 concentrations was higher than the uptake rate under aerobic conditions. It means that DRP release prevailed over its uptake. Release rate of DRP tended to be higher from sediments of eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes than from those of meso- and mesoeutrophic lakes both in the two studied habitats (littoral, profundal) and seasons (spring and summer). Sediments of humic lake (from both littoral and profundal zones) showed a low dynamics of DRP uptake/release with a small prevalence of the latter (0.02 to 0.08 mg P m-2 d-1). River-lake-river sediments (from the inflows and outflows of the Krutynia River to a lake) were different in comparison with typical lake sediments – they released DRP to aerated overlying water in both meso- and meso-eutrophic lake. Phosphorus was released from in-shore bog sediments at reduced oxygen concentration in overlying water in both seasons (spring and summer) while under aerobic conditions DRP was weakly taken up and/or released. Fe, Mn, Mg, total P content and redox-dependent easily exchangeable BD-RP fraction had a significant effect on the intensity of P uptake at high concentration of oxygen and P release under reduced oxygen concentration (Pearson correlation, P <0.01). Factor analysis showed that at a high O2 concentration the intensity of DRP uptake by sediments was determined by redoxdependent fraction of P bound to Fe and Mn hydroxides (BD-RP) and the P fraction bound to carbonates and apatite (HCl-P) (r2 = 0.48). At reduced O2 concentration in overlying water the intensity of DRP release was affected by redox-dependent fraction of P associated with Fe and Mn hydroxides (BD-RP), P fraction bound to metal oxides (NaOH-RP), organic P in detritus, P in microorganisms and combined in humic substances (NaOH-NRP) and P fraction bound to carbonates and apatites (HCl-P) (r2 = 0.63). Sediments from eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes in the lower course of the Jorka River are most intensively eutrophicated. They showed the highest values of DRP release and the predominance of P release over P uptake was the highest (up to seven fold). Sediments of these lakes contained the highest amounts of redox-dependent elements – Fe and Mn. Hence, these lakes easily accumulate phosphorus at high concentrations of oxygen but equally easily release it when oxygen in water is depleted. More stable are meso- and meso-eutrophic lakes situated higher in the Jorka River system. Sediments of these lakes released smaller amounts of DRP than eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes and the prevalence of DRP release over uptake was threefold. In-shore bog sediments form a stable system when overlying waters are rich in oxygen. Under reduced oxygen concentrations, however, these habitats become an important P source (comparable with profundal sediments) for lake littoral zone in case of their close contact with lake waters. A system able to bind phosphorus stronger and faster will hamper the delivery of available P to lake water and thus will delay lake eutrophication; that able to release P will accelerate eutrophication. In this case, internal loading may have a decisive effect on the lake trophic status. Profundal mid-lake sites, in-shore bogs and to a smaller extent littoral sediments (gyttja type) are the systems accelerating eutrophication. Humic lake sediments (dy type) are more equilibrated among the studied systems – the differences between uptake and release are small there.

18

Zastosowanie hydrofitowej metody oczyszczania ścieków na świecie i w Polsce

Obarska-Pempkowiak H., Gajewska M., Wojciechowska E.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2012

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Nr 2

87-91

PL

Metoda hydrofitowa w oczyszczalniach odcieków o wysokich stężeniach zanieczyszczeń oraz w oczyszczaniu ścieków deszczowych.

EN

The wetland method in wastewater treatment plants with high concentrations of pollutants in wastewater treatment and rainwater.

19

Wytyczne do stosowania złóż hydrofitowych do oczyszczania odcieków z odwadniania przefermentowanych osadów ściekowych

Gajewska M.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2012

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Nr 2

72-74

PL

Schemat obiektu pilotowego. Skuteczność usuwania zanieczyszczeń. Zalecenia do stosowania.

EN

Diagram of the pilot facility. The effectiveness of contaminant removal. Recommendations for use.

20

Wpływ biopreparatu BIOSAN KZ 2000 na efektywność oczyszczania ścieków w przydomowej oczyszczalni ze złożem hydrofitowym

Ignatowicz K., Puchlik M.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2012

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Nr 6

251-253

PL

Układ technologiczny analizowanej oczyszczalni stanowi część biologiczna złoże gruntowo-trzcinowe w układzie równoległym. Nietypowym zastosowaniem jest tu wprowadzenie dwóch niezależnych ciągów oczyszczania, gdzie w II-ciągu dawkowany jest dodatkowo biopreparat. Oczyszczalnia hydrofitowa zapewnia wysokie usunięcie związków organicznych wyrażonych jako BZTS oraz ChZT, a także zmniejszenie stężenia azotu amonowego oraz fosforanów. Wskazuje to na wysokosprawne działanie oczyszczalni ścieków.

EN

Technological wetland system is part of a biological treatment through a soil-reed bed. The aim of paper is performance of removing organic compounds (BOD5 and COD) efficiency and decrease of ammonia nitrogen- and phosphate concentration, using a Biosan KZ 2000 and without a choosen biopreparat.