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1

Studies on Cucumber Production Using Substrate Culture under North Sinai Conditions

Abd El-Baset Ashraf Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

40--53

EN

A wide range of soilless cultivation techniques have been developed and introduced for intensive cropping systems and for boosting the crop yield of many vegetables, mainly in greenhouses. Adoption of some local natural by-products to be utilized as a substrate growing medium to overcome soil-related problems appeared to be a promising project. Therefore, greenhouse experiments were conducted at the Baloza Experimental Station of the Desert Research Center (DRC), North Sinai Governorate, Egypt, during the two consecutive winter growing seasons of 2016–2017 and 2017–2018. These experiments aimed to investigate the effects of seven growing substrate culture treatments of separated or mixed sand obtained from sand dunes and date palm tree residues (Karenna) on plant vegetative growth, flowering, fruit yield and quality traits, and fruit nutritional values of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) Filial-1 hybrid 1101. Crop evapotranspiration reference (ETc) and water use efficiency (WUE), as well as treatment feasibility, were also studied. The experiment was set up in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. The obtained results strongly indicated that growing substrate media containing 25% sand (S) from sand dunes mixed with 75% grinded Karenna (Kg) of date palm (1 S + 3 Kg) significantly recorded the superiority of all studied characters of plant vegetative growth, number of flowers, fruit set, yield and its components, as well as fruit N, P and K contents, compared with other growing substrate medium treatments. On the contrary, the worst values of all studied parameters were achieved when sand was used alone (100% S) as a growing media. Furthermore, the highest water use efficiency and net income values were also attained by the 1 S + 3 Kg media treatment relative to the other growing substrate medium treatments.

2

The evaluation of irrigating meliorations efficiency after the change of climatic conditions

Zaporozhchenko Viktoriia, Tkachuk Andrij, Tkachuk Tetyana, Dotsenko Viktor

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

199--204

EN

The article reviews one of the important problems of water usage – operational management of irrigation. The article discusses a methodological approach to the estimation of economic efficiency of water usage in the conditions of climate change in the territory concerned. So far, there has not been a simple method to determine this indicator. When assessing climatic conditions, taking into account their influence on the productivity of agricultural crops, it is necessary to take into account meteorological factors that have a decisive influence on the development of agricultural crops and, accordingly, determine their yield. These include primarily heat and moisture. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account their possible negative influence on the development of plants, considering that for each crop a certain optimum regime of temperature and soil moisture is required in different phases of its growth. To assess climatic conditions taking into account the potential crop productivity, we can use the CPA formula. Calculations have shown a close relationship between the CPA and the yield of agricultural crops. Correlation coefficients of the obtained bonds vary from 0.85 to 0.98 depending on the culture and the territory.

3

Impact of tractor wheels on physical properties of different soil types and the irrigation efficiency of the furrow irrigation method

Vistro Rahim Bux, Talpur Mashooque Ali, Shaikh Irfan Ahmed, Mangrio Munir Ahmed

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

166--171

EN

In furrow irrigation, the maximum lateral movement of water in ridges is more desirable than the vertical downward movement. This can be achieved by compacting the furrows. Thus, the study examines the impact on furrow soil compaction by tractor wheel trafficking during mechanical operations in the different soil types. In this experiment, the three-wheel tractor compaction includes: 1) control (no soil compaction), 2) compaction through 3-wheel tractor passes, and 3) compaction through 6-wheel passes under three different soil textural classes such as: clay loam, silty clay loam and silty loam soils. The impact of various treatments on clay loam, silty clay loam, and silty loam under 3- and 6-wheel passes showed increased bulk density (7–12%), field capacity (9–19%), ridge storage efficiency (35–38%), water use efficiency (16–20.5%) and decreased soil porosity (7–16%), infiltration (8–20%), and furrow storage efficiency (28–41%) over the control. This study shows comparable results of 6-passes with other studies in which more than 6-passes were used to compact the soil. This study suggested that farmers can maximise water use efficiency by compacting their furrows using 6-passes tractor trafficking.

4

The Use of World Water Resources in the Irrigation of Field Cultivations

Walczak Amadeusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 4

186--206

EN

The paper concerns evaluation of the exploitation of the world’s water resources for irrigating field crops. It was determined that the volume of water used in 2020 in all sectors of the economy in relation to the world’s freshwater resources will amount to 31 to 38% of the available resources. It has been found that globally, in the period 1900–2100, the agricultural sector has the highest consumption of fresh water. Therefore, there is a need for rational use of water, especially when irrigating field crops. Hence, the paper describes the methods of evaluating the effectiveness of irrigation. The indicators from the Water use efficiency group, which consider the yield obtained from a given area and the sum of irrigation doses, were considered the most reliable form of evaluation. Determining the indicator should also be accompanied by a presentation of the scope of work related to irrigation, water quality, cultivation techniques, fertilization and environmental conditions of the growing season. The work characterizes the selected pressure irrigation systems, considering their advantages and disadvantages. On this basis, the paper presents the adaptation of the SWOT analysis for two irrigation systems: a reel sprinkler with a water cannon and a drip tape.

5

Water productivity under deficit irrigation using onion as indicator crop

Tadesse Kassahun B., Hagos Eyasu Y., Tafesse Nata T., Dinka Megersa O.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 45

171--178

EN

Improving water productivity (WP) through deficit irrigation is crucial in water-scarce areas. To practice deficit irrigation, the optimum level of water deficit that maximizes WP must be investigated. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine WP of the three treatments at available soil water depletion percentage (Pi) of 25% (reference), 45% and 65% using a drip irrigation system. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The water deficit was allowed throughout the growth stages after transplanting except for the first 15 days of equal amounts of irrigations during the initial growth stage and 20 days enough spring season rainfall during bulb enlargement periods. Physical WP in terms of water use efficiency (WUEf) for treatments T1, T2, and T3 was 9.44 kg∙m–3, 11 kg∙m–3 and 10.6 kg∙m–3 for marketable yields. The WUEf and economic water productivity were significantly improved by T2 and T3. The WUEf difference between T2 and T3 was insignificant. However, T2 can be selected as an optimal irrigation level. Hence, deficit irrigation scheduling is an important approach for maximizing WP in areas where water is the main constraint for crop production. The planting dates should be scheduled such that the peak water requirement periods coincide with the rainy system.

6

Virtual water evaluation for grains products in Iran. Case study: pea and bean

Yousefi H., Mohammadi A., Mirzaaghabeik M., Noorollahi Y.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 35

275--280

EN

Shortage of water is considered as one of the most important straits of agricultural development in Iran. The main purpose of this study is to determine virtual water used to pea and bean production and water use efficiency, select the best area for cultivating these two grains and find the virtual water budget for the aforementioned grains. The results showed that among the three provinces main producers of pea in Iran, the highest virtual water of pea belongs to Lorestan with 3534 dm3·kg–1 and the lowest belongs to West Azerbaijan with 2660 dm3·kg–1 in irrigated cultivation. Water use efficiency in irrigated cultivation in Kermanshah and West Azerbaijan are at the same level; however, Kermanshah has enjoyed much more level of virtual water. For beans, the highest amount of virtual water in irrigated cultivation belongs to Lorestan (3651 dm3·kg–1) and the lowest amount refers to Markazi (2725 dm3·kg–1) and also the highest level of water use efficiency for this product refers to Markazi. Also it was found that 160.15 mln m3 of water has been exported from the country water resources by these products so virtual water budget for studied crops were negative.

PL

Deficyt wody uznawany jest za jeden z najważniejszych problemów rozwoju rolnictwa w Iranie. Głównym celem badań przedstawionych w pracy jest oznaczenie ilości wody wirtualnej zużywanej do produkcji grochu i fasoli oraz wydajności zużycia wody, wybór najlepszych terenów do uprawy obu roślin i sporządzenie dla nich bilansu wirtualnej wody. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że spośród trzech prowincji – głównych producentów grochu w Iranie – największą objętość wirtualnej wody (3534 dm3·kg–1) zużywa się do nawadnianych upraw w Lorestanie, a najmniejszą (2660 dm3·kg–1) – do nawadnianych upraw w prowincji Zachodni Azerbejdżan. Wydajność zużycia wody w nawadnianych uprawach w Kermanshah i Zachodnim Azerbejdżanie była podobna, a uprawy w Kermanshah cechowało większe zużycie wody wirtualnej. Do produkcji fasoli największą objętość wirtualnej wody stwierdzono w Lorestanie (3651 dm3·kg–1), a najmniejszą w Markazi (2725 dm3·kg–1), gdzie stwierdzono także największą wydajność zużycia wody. Obliczono także, że – eksportując te produkty roślinne – wysłano za granicę 160,15 milionów m3 wody wirtualnej, skutkiem czego bilans wodny badanych upraw był ujemny.

7

Climatic signals in tree-ring width and stable isotopes composition of Pinus sylvestris L. Growing in the industrialized area nearby Kędzierzyn-Koźle

Sensuła B., Wilczyński S.

Geochronometria

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2017

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Vol. 44, no. 1

240--255

EN

The main aims of these studies were dendrochronological and mass spectrometric analysis of the impact of climate on tree rings width and stable isotopes composition in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The conifers were growing in the vicinity of chemical and nitrogen factories in Kędzierzyn-Koźle (Poland) in the period of time from 1920s to 2012 AD. The combined usage of tree ring width and isotopic composition data provides historic records of the environment changes. These data allows identifying the behavior adaptation of pine growing under pollution stress to climate changes. The incremental rhythm of the studied pine populations was not identical, probably due to their different sensitivities to some climatic factors. This study evidences that the isotopic records in tree-rings α-cellulose may be sensitive bio-indicators of the way that the components of air and water may be changed by the trees in response to the climate changes and anthropogenic effects. The water use efficiency may be strongly correlated with variability of the surface temperature that may be due to increase of CO2 emission.

8

Adaptive strategy to drought conditions: diurnal variation in water use of a Central Asian desert shrub

Wang S-S., Chen X., Zhou K.-F., Wang Q.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 1

63--76

EN

Water availability is one of the most important factors limiting photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide and growth of individual plants in terrestrial ecosystems. It is especially important for desert shrubs because the diurnal water availability is particularly sensitive to climate change in arid ecosystems. Water use efficiency (WUE) is an indicator of water availability and is frequently used to assess plant performance in various ecosystems, particularly in arid ecosystems. The WUE of plants has been widely assessed using ecological methods and field measurements; however, these approaches are impractical to obtain numerous near-simultaneous estimates of plant water status at the landscape-scale. Consequently, landscape-scale assessments of plant water status are practically pursued through modeling. In this study, measurement and modeling of the diurnal variations of WUE were conducted for a native dominant desert shrub, Tamarix ramosissima, in its original habitat on the periphery of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. The diurnal net photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (Tr) were measured for each individual using a portable photosynthesis system. A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration was applied to simulate the diurnal dynamics of An, gs, Tr, and WUE. The model explained 83, 47, 83, and 55% of the variance in the measured An, gs, Tr, and WUE values, respectively, for this desert ecosystem in which T. ramosissima is sparsely distributed. The results demonstrated that the coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance-transpiration model strategy is a promising approach to estimate water availability in desert ecosystems in Central Asia.

9

Effects of different irrigation strategies on soil water, salt, and nitrate nitrogen transport

Xu C., Zeng W. Z., Wu J. W., Huang J. S.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2015

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Vol. 22, nr 4

589--609

EN

Intermittent irrigation has attracted much attention as a water-saving technology in arid and semi-arid regions. For understanding the effect of intermittent irrigation on water and solute storage varied from irrigation amount per time (IRA), irrigation application frequency (IRAF), irrigation intervals (IRI) and even soil texture (ST), intermittent irrigation experiment was carried out in 33 micro-plots in Inner Mongolia, China. The experiment results were used for the calibration and validation of HYDRUS-1D software. Then 3 ST (silty clay loam, silty loam, and silty clay), 5 IRA (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 cm), 4 IRAF (2, 3, 4, and 5 times) and 4 IRI (1, 2, 3, and 4 days) were combined and total 240 scenarios were simulated by HYDRUS-1D. Analysis of variance (ANVOA) of simulated results indicated that ST, IRA, and IRAF had significant effect on salt and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) storage of 0-40 cm depth soil in intermittent irrigation while only ST affected soil water storage obviously. Furthermore, salt leaching percentage (SLP) and water use efficiency (WUE) of 0-40 cm depth were calculated and statistical prediction models for SLP were established based on the ANOVA using multiple regression analysis in each soil texture. Then constraint conditions of soil water storage (around field capacity), salt storage (smaller than 168 mg·cm−2), WUE (as large as possible) in 0-40 cm depth and total irrigation water amount (less than 25 cm) were proposed to find out the optimal intermittent irrigation strategies. Before sowing, the optimal irrigation strategy for silty clay loam soil was 6 cm IRA, 3 times IRAF, and 2 days IRI respectively. For silty loam and silty clay soils, IRA, IRAF, and IRI were 8 cm, 3 times, and 2 days respectively.

PL

Nawadnianie przerywane zwraca uwagę jako technologia oszczędnego użycia wody w regionach suchych i półpustynnych. Dla zrozumienia wpływu parametrów nawadniania przerywanego, takich jak czas (IRA), częstotliwości stosowania nawadniania (IRAF), odstępy czasu nawadniania (IRI), a także struktury gleby (ST) na magazynowanie wody i substancji rozpuszczonych, przeprowadzono eksperyment przerywanego nawadniania na 33 mikropoletkach w Mongolii Wewnętrznej, w Chinach. Wyniki doświadczeń użyto do kalibracji i walidacji oprogramowania HYDRUS-1D. Następnie 3 ST (mulisty piasek gliniasty, muliste iły i gliny pylaste), 5 IRA (2, 4, 6, 8 i 10 cm), 4 IRAF (2, 3, 4 i 5 razy) i 4 IRI (1, 2, 3 i 4 dni) połączono ogółem w 240 scenariuszy symulowanych przez HYDRUS-1D. Analiza wariancji (ANVOA) symulowanych wyników wykazała, że ST, IRA i IRAF miały znaczący wpływ na sól i azot azotanowy (NO3–-N), składowane na głębokości 0-40 cm gleby w nawadnianiu przerywanym, podczas gdy ST wpływał tylko na magazynowanie wody w glebie. Ponadto, procentowe ługowanie soli (SLP) i efektywność wykorzystania wody (WUE) zostały obliczone dla głębokości 0-40 cm i statystyczne modele predykcyjne dla SLP zostały ustalone na podstawie analizy wariancji i za pomocą analizy regresji wielokrotnej w każdej strukturze gleby. Aby określić optymalną strategię sporadycznego nawadniania, zaproponowano ograniczenie warunków magazynowania wody w glebie (około pojemności polowej), magazynowania soli (mniejsze niż 168 mg · cm–2), WUE (jak największa) w 0-40 cm głębokości i całkowitej ilości wody do nawadniania (mniej niż 25 cm). Przed siewem optymalna strategia nawadniania gleb mulistych gliniastych zakładała odpowiednio 6 cm IRA, 3 razy IRAF i 2 dni IRI. Dla gliny pylastej i ilastych gleb gliniastych założono IRA, IRAF i IRI odpowiednio 8 cm, 3 razy i 2 dni.

10

Evaluation of the physiological activity of Salix viminalis grown in hydroponic cultures with different salinity degree

Wróbel J., Mikiciuk M., Stolarska A., Marska B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 4-5

443-449

EN

The physiological activity of three basket willow clones, ie Bjor, Jorr and Tora, grown under different salinity conditions on a Hoagland's nutrient solution-based substrate was measured by their gaseous exchange indicators (ie intensity of CO2 assimilation and transpiration) as well as the efficiency of water use in photosynthesis. The obtained results allow to state that salinity differentiates significantly the aforesaid indicators, first of all the assimilation and water use efficiency. From among examined clones, the highest vulnerability to substrate salinity was a characteristic of the Jorr clone, whereas the lowest one of the Bjor clones. It was also found that in all clones, regardless of substrate salinity, a positive and significant correlation is observed between transpiration intensity and stomata1 conductivity.

PL

Aktywność fizjologiczną klonów wierzby wiciowej: Bjor, Jorr i Tora w warunkach zróżnicowanego zasolenia pożywki Hoaglanda mierzono wskaźnikami wymiany gazowej (tj. intensywnością asymilacji CO2 i transpiracji) oraz efektywnością wykorzystania wody w fotosyntezie. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, iż zasolenie istotnie zróżnicowało w/w wskaźniki, przede wszystkim asymilację i efektywność wykorzystania wody. Spośród badanych klonów, największą wrażliwością na zasolenie pożywki charakteryzował się klon Tora, a najmniejszą - Bjor. Stwierdzono również, :te bez względu na poziom zasolenia pożywki, u wszystkich klonów obserwuje się dodatnią i istotną korelację między intensywnością transpiracji a przewodnictwem szparkowym.

11

Efektywność nawodnień kroplowych w uprawie wybranych roślin warzywnych na glebie lekkiej

Rolbiecki R., Rolbiecki S.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2004

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R. 8, nr 2

125--133

PL

W latach 1991–2001 badano efekty produkcyjne zastosowania nawadniania kroplowego w uprawie wybranych gatunków roślin warzywnych na glebie lekkiej, w regionie bydgoskim. Przeprowadzono ścisłe doświadczenia polowe z następującymi gatunkami roślin: burak ćwikłowy, dynia olbrzymia, dynia zwyczajna (cukinia), fasola szparagowa, marchew jadalna, rzodkiewka, sałata krucha. Najwyższą efektywność produkcyjną wody z nawodnień kroplowych uzyskano w uprawie cukini uprawianej na jednokrotny zbiór owoców.

EN

Production effects of the drip irrigation usage in cultivation of chosen vegetable species on the light soil, in the region of Bydgoszcz, were studied in the years 1991-2001. Field experiments on the following vegetable species were carried out: red beet, winter squash, zucchini, snap bean, carrot, radish, iceberg lettuce. The highest efficiency of irrigation was obtained in cultivation of zucchini grown for one-phase harvesting of fruits.

12

Efektywność nawodnień kroplowych u wybranych gatunków roślin sadowniczych

Rolbiecki S., Rolbiecki R., Rzekanowski C.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2003

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R. 7, nr 3, t. 1

151--160

PL

W latach 1981-2001 badano efekty produkcyjne zastosowania nawadniania kroplowego u wybranych gatunków roślin jagodowych i drzew owocowych w regionie bydgoskim. Przeprowadzono ścisłe doświadczenia polowe z następującymi gatunkami roślin: aronia, porzeczka czarna, truskawka, jabłoń, śliwa i wiśnia. Najwyższą efektywność produkcyjną wody uzyskano w przypadku uprawy jagodowych w warunkach gleby bardzo lekkiej na plantacji truskawki. W badaniach z drzewami owocowymi jednostkowa efektywność produkcyjna nawodnień kroplowych była wyższa na plantacji drzew pestkowych (wiśnia i śliwa) aniżeli jabłoni.

EN

Productive results of chosen drip-irrigated berry crops and fruit trees in the region of Bydgoszcz were investigated in 1981-2001. Field experiments on the following species were carried out: chokeberry, black currant, strawberry, sour cherry, plum, apple. The highest productive water use efficiency from drip irrigation of berry crops grown under conditions of very light soil was obtained for strawberry. In research on fruit trees, the water use efficiency of stone fruit-bearing trees (sour cherry, plum) was higher than that of apple trees.

13

Efektywność nawadniania kroplowego i deszczownianego w uprawie wybranych roślin warzywnych na glebie bardzo lekkiej

Rolbiecki S., Rolbiecki R., Rzekanowski C.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2002

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T. 2, z. 2

87--94

PL

W latach 1991–2000 badano efekty produkcyjne zastosowania nawadniania kroplowego i deszczownianego w uprawie wybranych warzyw na glebie bardzo lekkiej o małej pojemności wodnej. Przeprowadzono ścisłe doświadczenia polowe z następującymi gatunkami roślin warzywnych: burak ćwikłowy, dynia olbrzymia, dynia zwyczajna (odmiana botaniczna cukinia), fasola szparagowa, marchew jadalna, rzodkiewka, sałata krucha. Jednostkowa efektywność zastosowania wody była większa w nawodnieniach kroplowych niż w deszczownianych. Większą efektywność stosowania wody w nawodnieniach deszczownianych i kroplowych stwierdzono w latach z mniejszymi opadami w okresie wegetacji. Reakcja poszczególnych odmian uprawnych warzyw na nawadnianie była niejednakowa. Największą jednostkową efektywność działania wody dostarczanej systemem kroplowym stwierdzono w uprawie następujących gatunków i odmian warzyw: rzodkiewki – Krakowianka, cukinii – Astra i dyni – Melonowa Żółta.

EN

Productive results of drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation in cultivation of some vegetables on a very light soil characterized by limited water capacity were studied between 1991 and 2000. Field experiments on the following vegetable species were carried out: red beet, carrot, snap bean, squash, zucchini, iceberg lettuce, radish. Unit water use efficiency of drip irrigation was higher as compared with sprinkler irrigation. Water use efficiency was higher in years characterized by lower rainfall during the vegetation period than that of years with higher precipitation in the growing season. Response of particular vegetable cultivars to irrigation was different. The highest unit water efficiency from drip irrigation was found for the following cultivars: Krakowianka (radish), Astra (zucchini) and Melonowa Żółta (squash).