The purpose of this study is to solve the efficiency and reliability problems of upstream water intake structures for energy and irrigation systems in the region of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Among the methods used in the study, experimental, analytical, and modelling methods should be distinguished. During the study, analyses and field investigations of main structures, and energy and irrigation systems in the foothills were conducted to identify the reasons for the low efficiency and reliability of existing old water intake structures and reduce their negative impact on the environment. The results of the study showed that many water intake structures built on small rivers are not only in poor working condition but also do not meet modern environmental requirements. Many of these structures were built more than thirty years ago and have not been modernized or reconstructed in accordance with new technologies and requirements. As a result of the study, recommendations were prepared for the design of new water intake structures that meet all modern environmental requirements and guarantee the more efficient use of water resources. These new facilities will also help to reduce water losses during the overflow process, which will make the use of water more cost-effective. Additionally, one of the main outcomes is the developed useful model, which pertains to the field of hydroengineering construction for water intake from mountain and foothill rivers, serving as an additional barrier to reduce the influx of large sediment into the reservoir.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest rozwiązanie problemów związanych z wydajnością i niezawodnością struktur poboru wody dla systemów energetycznych i irygacyjnych w regionie Azerbejdżanu. Wśród metod wykorzystanych w badaniu należy wyróżnić metody eksperymentalne, analityczne i modelowania. Podczas badania przeprowadzono analizy i badania terenowe głównych struktur oraz systemów energetycznych i nawadniających na pogórzu w celu zidentyfikowania przyczyn małej wydajności istniejących starych struktur poboru wody oraz zmniejszenia ich negatywnego wpływu na środowisko. Wyniki badań wykazały, że wiele budowli hydrotechnicznych wybudowanych na małych rzekach jest nie tylko w złym stanie technicznym, ale również nie spełnia współczesnych wymogów środowiskowych. wymogów środowiskowych. Wiele z tych obiektów zostało wybudowanych ponad trzydzieści lat temu i nie zostało zmodernizowanych lub przebudowanych zgodnie z nowymi technologiami i wymogami. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań opracowano zalecenia dotyczące projektowania nowych ujęć wody, które spełniają wszystkie współczesne wymogi środowiskowe i gwarantują bardziej efektywne wykorzystanie zasobów wodnych. Nowe obiekty przyczynią się również do zmniejszenia strat wody podczas procesu przelewania, co sprawi, że korzysta nie z wody będzie bardziej opłacalne. Ponadto jednym z głównych rezultatów jest opracowany użyteczny model, który odnosi się do dziedziny budownictwa hydrotechnicznego dla poboru wody z rzek górskich i podgórskich, służąc jako dodatkowa bariera ograniczająca napływ dużych osadów do zbiornika.
Exploring the drivers of changes in ecosystem services is crucial to maintain ecosystem functionality, especially in the diverse Central Citarum watershed. This study utilises the integrated valuation of ecosystem service and trade-offs (InVEST) model and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to examine ecosystem services patterns from 2006 to 2018. The InVEST is a hydrological model to calculate water availability and evaluate benefits provided by nature through simulating alterations in the amount of water yields driven by land use/cover changes. Economic, topographic, climate, and vegetation factors are considered, with an emphasis on their essential components. The presence of a geographical link between dependent and explanatory variables was investigated using a multiscale geographic weighted regression model. The MGWR model is employed to analyse spatial impacts. The integration of both models simplified the process and enhanced its understanding. The findings reveal the following patterns: 1) decreasing land cover and increasing ecosystem services demand in the watershed, along with a decline in water yield, e.g. certain sub-districts encounter water scarcity, while others have abundant water resources; 2) the impact of natural factors on water yield shifts along vegetation > climate > topography (2006) changes to climate > vegetation > topography (2018).
The availability and sustainability of good quantities and qualities of water supplies for human needs and support development should be warranted; therefore, existing water resources should be managed sustainably. A multidisciplinary rapid appraisal method called multidimensional scaling (MDS) is an approach for a comprehensive analysis of the sustainability statuses of domestic water supplies. This study aims to analyze the index and sustainability status of raw water management from three dimensions of sustainability. The results that were obtained from a specific multidimensional scaling analysis method called Rapid Appraisal for Air Baku (Rapaku) are expressed in the form of indices and sustainability statuses. Based on different dimensions of the sustainability status review, the analysis results showed that Bandung’s domestic raw water was “less sustainable” (42.34%). Of the 35 attributes that were analyzed, there were 13 sensitive attributes that affected the index and sustainability status with a very small error at a 95% confidence level.
The article presents the scientific basis for assessing the stability of water supply models and develops a suitable set of criteria to assess the stability of water supply works, which includes the water supply part for water supply works and systems (including headworks and water distribution systems) in high mountains and water-scarce areas in Vietnam. Research results indicate that in order to improve the stability and availability of water of the models that have been, are and will be built, it is necessary to have a common method of evaluating effectiveness for scientific models of domestic water supply. Accordingly, it is necessary to build obtain a suitable set of criteria to assess the stability of the water supply model (source + water supply works) in the high mountains, water-scarce areas in Vietnam.
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System zbiorowego zaopatrzenia w wodę należy do infrastruktury krytycznej funkcjonowania aglomeracji miejskich. W związku z tym wymagane jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa dostawy wody do spożycia przez wodociąg publiczny. Podstawowymi elementami w tym zakresie jest dywersyfikacja liczby ujęć wody w podsystemie dostawy oraz alokacja objętości wody związana z daną liczbą zbiorników w systemie dystrybucji. W sieciowych zbiornikach wodociągowych jest magazynowana woda, gdy jej ilość dostarczana z zakładu uzdatniania wody przez pompownię II stopnia przewyższa zapotrzebowanie na wodę w danej miejscowości, pobierana jest natomiast w czasie występowania większego zapotrzebowania na wodę niż możliwości jej dostawy. W pracy przedstawiono metodę oceny alokacji wody wodociągowej według wskaźnika Edwarda H. Simpsona. Obliczenia zaprezentowano dla wybranych 11 miast w Polsce. Opracowano 5-stopniową kategoryzację i skalę oceny stopnia alokacji objętości wody w sieciowych zbiornikach wodociągowych. Na tej podstawie dokonano analizy oceny stopnia alokacji objętości wody w sieciowych zbiornikach wodociągowych w badanych miastach.
EN
The collective water supply system belongs to the critical infrastructure of the cities functioning. This requires the safety of the water supply for consumption through the public water supply system. The basic elements in this area are the diversification of the number of water intakes in the supply subsystem and the allocation of water volume related to the number of tanks in the distribution system. Water in water supply tanks is stored when its amount supplied from the water treatment plant by the high lift pumping station exceeds the demand for water in a given city during the day, whereas it is taken at times when there is an increased demand for water in relation to the ability to supply it. This paper presents a method to evaluate water allocation in network water tanks according to the Edward H. Simpson index. The calculation of allocation ratios was presented for 11 selected cities in Poland. A five-stage categorization and a scale to assess the degree of water volume allocation in network water supply tanks were developed. On this basis, an assessment of the degree of allocation of water volume in network water supply tanks was made in the examined cities.
Niniejszy artykuł jest rozwinięciem prezentacji na konferencji nt. Gospodarka wodna w Polsce - wyzwania do 2030 roku, w Senacie RP w dniu 19 czerwca 2023 r. Zawiera podstawy analizy retencji wodnej oraz ocenę jej stanu i wpływu na ograniczenie zagrożeń naturalnych - powodzi i suszy, a także jej wykorzystania w krajowym zaopatrzeniu w wodę pitną. Kierunki rozwoju retencji odniesiono do współczesnych trendów w poszukiwaniu rozwiązań zintegrowanych, oszczędnych oraz dbających o stan i jakość zasobów wodnych, zmierzających do oczekiwanych standardów gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego.
EN
This article constitutes an extension of the presentation given at the conference entitled Water Management in Poland, challenges to be faced by 2030, which took place in the Senate of the Republic of Poland on 19 June 2023. It includes a basic water retention analysis, as well as an assessment of its state and impact on mitigation of natural threats - floods and droughts, and its use in the national drinking water supply. The directions of retention development were compared against contemporary trends to search for integrated and economic solutions, ensuring the good status and quality of water resources and striving to achieve the expected circular economy standards.
Nowe prawo wodne zmieniło zasady ustalania sposobu pobierania opłat za odprowadzanie wód opadowych i roztopowych, czyli tzw. deszczówki, do kanalizacji. Opłaty te nie mogą już być rozliczane w ramach taryf za zbiorowe zaopatrzenie w wodę i zbiorowe odprowadzanie ścieków.
Inteligentny system zarządzania siecią wodociągową z wykorzystaniem elementów systemu klasy GIS i modelu hydraulicznego wraz z urządzeniami pomiarowymi i oprogramowaniem SCADA.
Opactwa i klasztory cysterskie budowano przeważnie na pustkowiach, w lasach lub na bagnistych terenach, wymagających uporządkowania gospodarowania wodą. Były ośrodkami kultywującymi monastyczny rozwój duchowy, kulturę, naukę, wprowadzającymi postęp w rzemiośle, rolnictwie, podejmującymi działanie w racjonalnym wykorzystaniu zasobów wodnych. Na Pomorzu cystersi z Oliwy i Pelplina oraz Krzyżacy należeli do prekursorów podejmujących działania w zakresie gospodarki wodno-ściekowej.
The provision of a reliable water-supply system is essential for the development and well-being of urban communities. Samdrupjongkhar Thromde, located in Bhutan, has been facing water supply challenges despite the presence of a water treatment plant. The non-perennial nature of the current water source coupled with malfunctions in water pumps has led to acute water shortages in the municipality. To address this issue, this study carried out a feasibility investigation and designed a gravity water supply system by conducting an EPANET (Environment Protection Agency Network Evaluation Tool) analysis. The study involved field visits to identify potential water sources, and a topographic survey using RTK (Real Time Kinematics) technology to determine the optimal pipeline route. The EPANET analysis was then conducted to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the initial route. Based on these findings, a finalwater pipeline routewas selected considering factors such as terrain characteristics, construction feasibility, avoidance of negative water pressure, and minimum encroachment of private land. The results showed that the maximum pressure head within the pipeline system reached 296 m with a maximum water flow velocity of 5 m/s. However, at the outlet, the pressure head decreased to 70 m and the velocity decreased to 2 m/s. Two Break Pressure Tanks (BPT) were strategically placed to achieve this pressure reduction. The chosen pipe materials and their placement ensure the long-term reliability and functionality of the water supply system, while considering maintenance convenience and terrain characteristics.
This article focused on comparing the development of the price level of the water and sewerage charge rates in the regions of the Czech Republic to the development of macroeconomic indicators expressing the performance of the individual region. The following were selected as macroeconomic indicators: gross domestic product, gross domestic product per capita, net disposable income of households, net disposable income of households per capita and average gross wage. The Czech Republic is divided into 14 regions. In each region, a different price level of the water and sewerage charge rate was determined. At the same time, each region had a different performance which is represented by the above-mentioned macroeconomic indicators. It follows from the definition of Act No. 274/2001 Coll., the water supply and sewerage systems operation is in the public interest. This raised the research question of whether regions with lower performance also have a lower price level of water and sewerage charge rates from the point of view of the purchasing power of the inhabitants of this region. Confirmation or rejection of this hypothesis was based on the creation of 91 matrix expressions. The input data for the creation of matrices contained 196 items of data on the price level of the water and sewerage charge rates and 1,176 items of data on macroeconomic indicators. The hypothesis was not confirmed as only 1 region met the condition, namely the Olomouc Region, which had a lower price level of water and sewerage charge rates and lower efficiency.
W pracy przedstawiono w zarysie historię zaopatrzenia miast w wodę – od epoki brązu do początków XIX wieku – jak też pokrótce sposoby usuwania ścieków z miast. Dokładniej opisano zaopatrzenie w wodę miast Polski w okresie średniowiecza. Omówiono wodociągi średniowiecznego Krakowa oraz średniowieczne toalety zamkowe. Przedstawiono zmiany – okresy rozwoju i upadku – systemów wodno-ściekowych w dawnej Polsce.
EN
The paper outlines the history of water supply to cities - from the Bronze Age to the beginning of the 19th century - as well as briefly describes the methods of sewage disposal from cities. The water supply of Polish towns in the Middle Ages was described in more detail. Waterworks of medieval Krakow and medieval castle toilets are discussed. Changes - periods of development and decline - of water and sewage systems in former Poland are presented.
Woda jest podstawowym i niezbędnym produktem spożywczym. Wiedza na temat zagrożeń związanych z jej wpływem na zdrowie oraz sposób prowadzenia skutecznego nadzoru mającego na celu minimalizowanie potencjalnego ryzyka w ostatnich latach uległy znacznej zmianie. Od 2000 r. WHO jednoznacznie zaleca i propaguje prewencyjne podejście do bezpieczeństwa wody, oparte na zarządzaniu ryzykiem.
EN
Water is a basic and essential food product. Knowledge about the risks associated with its impact on health and the way of conducting effective surveillance in order to minimise potential risks have changed considerably in recent years. Since 2000, WHO has strongly recommended and promoted a preventive approach to water safety based on risk management.
Access to clean and sufficient drinking water is difficult in much of Ethiopia’s Afar Region. It is observed that many schemes in the region are non-functional. The study was conducted to overcome the observed problem in seven selected districts of the region. The study regarded hand-dug wells and roof water collection systems, which are the two most common features in the research areas. Eight hand-dug wells and sixteen roof water harvestings are purposively included in the study. All the water points are constructed by Kelem Ethiopia which is a non-governmental organisation and the foremost local organisation for the communities. As per the research survey, the average functional status of the hand-dug well schemes is 65.75% and the roof water harvesting schemes is 22.94%. The research was based on the qualitative data collected on site. The hand-dug well sites were evaluated using 10 parameters, and the roof water harvesting schemes were analysed using 12 parameters. The main non-functional aspects of the scheme are lack of community ownership, drying up of water sources, lack of maintenance and rehabilitation, poor coordination of beneficiaries and school roofs blowing off. Most schemes still require minor to major maintenance and rehabilitation. According to the research, the solutions for water supply are identified in relation to the desired objective.
The West Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan occupies an area equal to 151,339 km2. In the land structure, 69.7% of the area is occupied by agricultural land. The region has great prospects for the development of the livestock industry. However, uneven territorial availability of water resources is a limiting factor in increasing the amount of livestock in the region. The purpose of the study is to monitor underground water sources in the West Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan to assess the zonality of their placement. The boundaries of natural and climatic zones on the territory of the region were laid over the publicly available cartographic materials on the hydrological data of the distribution of groundwater. The water source monitoring was carried out by examining their actual condition in specific geographical locations, including using remote sensing methods, with a further determination of quantitative and qualitative parameters. The paper considers the state and problems of water supply at the pastures in the natural and climatic zones of the West Kazakhstan region. The region is characterized by the use of groundwater in the water supply of pasture lands. Underground springs have a certain zonality in their location, manifest themselves at different depths corresponding to different geological horizons, and differ in a wide variation of water mineralization. In the dry steppe zone, it is recommended to use the aquiferous mid-upper quaternary alluvial, aquiferous upper Pliocene Akchagyl, and aquiferous upper cretaceous Maastricht horizons. The water sources used have depths of up to 120 meters, and the mineralization varies from 0.2 to 9.1 g/dm3. In the semi-desert zone, the upper-quaternary aquiferous marine Khvalynsky and the lower-middle-quaternary aquiferous marine Baku-Khazar horizons are recommended. The water sources used have depths of up to 90 meters, and the mineralization varies from 0.2 to 11.8 g/dm3. The semi-desert zone is characterized by the use of springs with depths up to 80 meters. The mineralization of water in the permeable modern Aeolian horizon is more often low (0.11–0.9 g/dm3) and rarely brackish (1.1–9.36 g/dm3).
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