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Retencja wody w zróżnicowanych geograficznie zlewniach górskich

Kowalczyk Agnieszka, Jaguś Andrzej

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 6 (26)

1--12

EN

The article describes the research on the retention capacity of two mountain catchments in the Polish Carpathian Mts. These are the catchments of the Czarna Woda and Biała Woda streams. These catchments are adjacent, have a similar area (about 11 km2 each), but are geograph-ically diverse. Their geomorphology, hydrographic network, soil water permeability and land use were analyzed. The Czarna Woda catchment is a forest catchment, and the Biała Woda catchment is a forest and agricultural catchment with pasture areas. The geographical analysis of the catchment showed that the Czarna Woda catchment most likely has greater retention capacity. Theoretical analyzes were verified on the basis of long-term measurements of flows in both streams. Outflows were calculated for the entire study period (2006-2022), as well as annual, monthly and daily outflows. The measurements were carried out using the overflow method in permanent measurement cross-sections. The total outflow from both catchments was simi-lar, so they had similar water resources. In particular years, months and days, outflow often differed significantly between catchments. It was found that during the periods of increased water runoff (from precipitation, from snowmelt) the outflow from the Biała Woda catchment was higher, while in the periods without precipitation the outflow from the Czarna Woda catch-ment prevailed. Short-term flood outflows were at least several dozen percent higher in the Biała Woda catchment. The measurement data confirmed that water was better retained in the Czarna Woda catchment and the outflow was slower. Water retention processes in the Czarna Woda catchment allowed to maintain minimum outflows at a level several times higher than in the Biała Woda catchment. The studies have shown that in a very small mountain area there can be a large variation in outflow in individual streams. Retention capacity of the catchment depends on environmen-tal conditions and human activity.

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The water outflow from neighbouring mountain catchments in the Polish Carpathians : A comparative analysis

Kowalczyk Agnieszka W., Jaguś Andrzej

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 58

148--157

EN

The study covered water resources of two mountain streams in the Polish Carpathians. These were the Biała Woda and Czarna Woda streams, the catchments of which are adjacent to each other. Water flows in both streams were measured during the hydrological years from 2006 to 2020. Next, water outflows from the catchments were calculated. The study aimed to determine differences in the water resources of those catchments in a very small mountainous area. The study showed quantitative similarity in water resources in the entire multi-annual period but at the same time large differences in shorter periods. Instantaneous and daily outflows showed the largest differences, but differences in annual outflows of up to 20% were also recorded. Therefore, hydrological data from operational cross-sections to assess water resources of neighbouring uncontrolled watercourses should cover multi-annual mean values. It was found that during periods of increased runoff (from melting snow or precipitation), the outflow from the Biała Woda catchment was much larger, while during rain-free periods, the outflow from the Czarna Woda catchment prevailed. All short-term flood like outflows were at least several tens of per cent higher in the Biała Woda catchment. The higher retention capacity of the Czarna Woda catchment can be attributed to the land use (mainly forest areas). The results can be used for modelling catchments of similar parameters and determining their retention capacity.

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Sustainable Urban Drainage Infrastructure Sustainable Urban Drainage

Mrowiec M.

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2016

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Vol. 11, nr 2

113--118

EN

Water is one of the most important resources, essential for all life forms. From the perspective of sustainable development there are three important challenges: water availability, water purity, and infrastructure, especially in cities. In this last case the problem is not only with water supply, but also with water runoff. Conventional pipe and curb systems, with their efficient ability to convey runoff rapidly to receiving waters, do not take into consideration these effects and new approaches have been developed in recent years to address these concerns. There is a growing trend towards managing water in a more sustainable way by activating its natural behaviors and process in the urban environment. Control and management near the source is now being promoted intensively and it is viewed in many countries as comprising an appropriate suite of techniques facilitating the similarity of natural processes and minimizing the hydrologic impacts. Such solutions rely on local treatment, retention, reuse, infiltration and conveyance of water runoff in urban areas and thus are in better agreement with sustainable development programme. The paper presents discussion about perspective development of urban drainage systems and a case study of successful implementation of decentralized stormwater system in Augustenborg (Malmö).

PL

Woda stanowi jeden z najważniejszych zasobów, kluczowy dla wszystkich form życia. Z perspektywy rozwoju zrównoważonego występują trzy problemy: dostępność wody, czystość wody i infrastruktura, szczególnie w miastach. W tym ostatnim przypadku wyzwaniem będzie nie tylko pozyskanie wody, ale także jej odpływ. Tradycyjne systemy odwodnienia umożliwiają szybkie odprowadzenie ścieków opadowych do odbiorników rzecznych, nie uwzględniając negatywnego oddziaływania w zakresie jakości wód, co było powodem opracowania nowego podejścia. W ostatnich latach obserwowany jest trend do gospodarowania wodami w bardziej zrównoważony sposób, poprzez odtwarzanie warunków naturalnych w środowisku miejskim. Koncepcja zagospodarowanie wód deszczowych u źródła ich opadu jest obecnie promowana w wielu krajach poprzez stosowanie rozwiązań technicznych, ułatwiających zachowanie naturalnych procesów hydrologicznych i minimalizowanie negatywnych oddziaływań ilościowych i jakościowych. Do tych rozwiązań należy zaliczyć lokalne oczyszczanie ścieków, retencję, gospodarcze wykorzystanie wód, infiltrację oraz transport powierzchniowy wód opadowych. Wdrożenie koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju wymaga zaangażowania lokalnej społeczności oraz władz samorządowych. W artykule omówiono przyszłe kierunki rozwoju infrastruktury odwodnienia miast oraz zaprezentowano przykład udanej implementacji koncepcji ich zrównoważonego rozwoju w dzielnicy Augustenborg (Malmö).

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Zastosowanie roślinności w oczyszczaniu spływów wód z nawierzchni drogowych

Dobierska K.

Drogownictwo

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2004

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nr 8

255-257

PL

Roślinność siedlisk wodnych i podmokłych tworzy strefę przejścia między systemami lądowymi i wodnymi oraz strefę kumulacji materii biologicznej. Są naturalne i sztuczne systemy stref przejściowych. W systemach naturalnych wykorzystuje się istniejącą roślinność a produkowana podczas oczyszczania biomasa nie jest usuwana. W systemach sztucznych złoże gruntowe jest pościelone nieprzepuszczalną folią, z zapewnieniem kontrolowanego odpływu ścieków. Stosuje się powierzchniowy lub podpowierzchniowy przepływ wody. W Polsce roślinne oczyszczalnie ścieków pojawiły się kilka lat temu i dotychczas są stosowane do oczyszczania ścieków bytowych.

EN

Vegetation of water and wet habitats creates transition zones between land and water systems, and the zone of biological matter accumulation. The systems of transition zones are natural and artificial. In the natural systems the existing vegetation is used and produced biomass is not removed. In the artificial systems soil is covered with waterproof membrane and run-off is controlled. Water flow can be surface or under-surface. In Poland, vegetation treatment appeared few years ago and it is used for sewage yet.