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1

A Multivariate Technique to Develop Hybrid Water Quality Index of the Bengawan Solo River, Indonesia

Lusiana Evellin Dewi, Mahmudi Mohammad, Hutahaean Sarah Mega, Darmawan Arief, Buwono Nanik Retno, Arsad Sulastri, Musa Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 2

123--131

EN

Surface water resource, such as river, is constantly contaminated by domestic and industrial pollutants. In order to properly manage the water resource, a composite index for water quality assessment, such as water quality index (WQI), has been designed to monitor and evaluate the properties of surface water. However, this index is quite subjective in terms of determination of relative weights. A principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to reduce the dimension and subjectivity of water quality variables. The purpose of this study was to implement the use of hybrid PCA and WQI methods to assess and monitor the water quality of the Bengawan Solo River, which is located in Java Island, Indonesia. The result suggested that COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia were the main factors that determine water quality of the Bengawan Solo River. Furthermore, it was revealed that most samples from the river showed water quality status as slightly polluted. In addition to this, the seasonal variation of the PCWI values indicated a significant increase of water pollution in the Bengawan Solo River per year.

2

Pollution and health risk assessment of water quality: a case study in Mohammedia prefecture in Morocco

El morabet R., Berhazi L., Khan R. A., Bouhafa S., Khan N. A., Hakh T., Romaniv A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 110, nr 2

67--85

EN

Purpose: Water is vital for the sustenance of every life form. Urbanization, growing population and industrial development has led to exploitation of water resources globally. This study assesses quality of water resources of Mohammedia prefecture. Design/methodology/approach: The water quality analysis was carried out based on physio-chemical and heavy metal concentrations. The physio-chemical analysis comprised of status of concentration, overall quality and water pollution index evaluation. The heavy metal evaluation consisted of Ecological Risk Index, non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk assessment. Findings: The landfill near Ben Nfifikh River reported insignificant (WPI<1) – low level of pollution (>1≤1.5) for surface and groundwater points. However, the groundwater for Zenata region was found to pose both carcinogenic (CRt > 0.0001, range 0.4-35.31) and non-carcinogenic risks (HQ>1, range 6 -34) of higher degree rendering it unfit for human consumption. Hence, this study concludes that groundwater resources should not as water supply; instead, Oud El Maleh River can serve as surface water source for meeting requirements of Zenata region. Research limitations/implications: The data obtained can be categorized as landfill area near river Nfifikh and landfill area near river El Maleh. Both areas have been investigated for groundwater and surface water quality assessment. Practical implications: This study demonstrates the need to study the characteristics of groundwater (depth, flow rate, water renewal, etc.) before arranging a waste dump. This problem is especially relevant for arid countries, since residents experience a shortage of water, as well as a lack of rainfall provides a weak renewal of groundwater, which can contribute to the accumulation of a higher concentration of carcinogens in groundwater and provide a high risk to public health. If policymakers in arid countries and decision-makers have effective water quality maps, then the country can be more efficiently managed water resources without risking the population. Originality/value: The current study is planned as a multi-stage, each of which is supposed to conduct field studies of groundwater and surface water quality with appropriate parameters, analysis of institutional reports and related scientific studies in order to create an effective water quality map for rational water use.

3

Aquatic Invertebrates and Their Correlation with Environmental Parameters in Coastal of Tien Giang Province, Mekong Delta in Vietnam

Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, Dang Thi Cam Tu, Nguyen Thi Ha, Nguyen Binh An, Pham Anh-Duc, Huynh Phuc Lo

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2022

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no. 2

99--106

EN

The Tien Giang province is located in the tropical climate zone of the Mekong delta. The climate here is clearly divided into two main seasons, namely wet season and dry season and the average temperature is about 27°C. The coastline is 32 kilometers (20 mi) long with thousands of coastal warp, which is an advantage for aquatic breeding such as crab and sea-based economy development. Aquatic invertebrates are a diverse group of organisms that inhabit coastal area throughout the world, in regions spanning alpine, arid, Mediterranean, polar, temperate, and tropical climates. Estuarine coastal invertebrates include benthic, planktonic, and stygobitic taxa and range from widespread taxa to water quality assessment. Classified by size as either macroinvertebrates or smaller meiofauna, macroinvertebrates are more widely studied, although meiofauna can also be diverse and abundant in aquatic communities. The influence of environmental factors on the diversity of invertebrates was studied in the Tien Giang Coastal Area, Southern Vietnam. The study was done between March 2019 and September 2021, encompassing both dry and rainy seasons. Data from 10 sites were used as a representative example for the Tien Giang Coastal Area to conduct a qualitative study. To implement this evaluation, the analyses were based on MRC methods and classifications these improved by the scientific group. The biological and environmental variables were examined to test the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Pearson correlation among all the parameters using R statistical software. Significant or highly significant positive or negative correlations were assumed when the p-calculated value was < 0.05 or 0.01, respectively. The results of the assessment showed that 32 species of zooplankton and 18 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were found in the study area. The density of zooplankton at each site ranged from 6 to 85 individuals/sample, while the density of benthic macroinvertebrates at each site fluctuated from 4 to 15 individuals/sample. The calculated values for the diversity index (H’) of both zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates fluctuated at the average level (H’ ≈ 1.00 ÷ 1.72). The results also show that several environmental variables, including total suspended solid, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonium were correlated with species richness and density of aquatic invertebrates. The obtained results will be useful for the monitoring of pollution status at the study area in particular the sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates to changes of environmental characteristics.

PL

Prowincja Tien Giang położona jest w strefie klimatu zwrotnikowego delty Mekongu. Klimat jest tutaj wyraźnie podzielony na dwie główne pory roku, a mianowicie porę deszczową i porę suchą, a średnia temperatura wynosi około 27°C. Linia brzegowa ma 32 kilometry (20 mil) długości i bardzo urozmaiconą linię brzegową, co jest zaletą dla hodowli wodnych, takich jak kraby i rozwój gospodarki morskiej. Bezkręgowce wodne to zróżnicowana grupa organizmów zamieszkujących obszary przybrzeżne na całym świecie, w regionach obejmujących klimat alpejski, suchy, śródziemnomorski, polarny, umiarkowany i tropikalny. Bezkręgowce przybrzeżne ujść rzek obejmują taksony bentosowe, planktonowe i stygobitowe, od szeroko rozpowszechnionych taksonów do oceny jakości wody. Klasyfikowane według wielkości jako makrobezkręgowce lub mniejsza meiofauna, makrobezkręgowce są szerzej badane, chociaż meiofauna może być również różnorodna i obfita w społecznościach wodnych. Wpływ czynników środowiskowych na różnorodność bezkręgowców badano na obszarze przybrzeżnym Tien Giang w południowym Wietnamie. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone w okresie od marca 2019 do września 2021, obejmując zarówno porę suchą, jak i deszczową. Dane z 10 miejsc wykorzystano jako reprezentatywny przykład dla obszaru przybrzeżnego Tien Giang do przeprowadzenia badania jakościowego. Aby przeprowadzić tę ocenę, analizy oparto na metodach MRC i klasyfikacjach, które zostały udoskonalone przez grupę naukową realizującą badania. Badano zmienne biologiczne i środowiskowe w celu przetestowania analizy wariancji (ANOVA) i korelacji Pearsona R między wszystkimi parametrami przy użyciu oprogramowania statystycznego. Przyjęto znaczące lub bardzo istotne dodatnie lub ujemne korelacje, gdy obliczona wartość p wynosiła odpowiednio <0,05 lub 0,01. Wyniki oceny wykazały, że na badanym obszarze stwierdzono występowanie 32 gatunków zooplanktonu i 18 gatunków makrobezkręgowców bentosowych. Zagęszczenie zooplanktonu na każdym stanowisku wahało się od 6 do 85 osobników/próbę, podczas gdy zagęszczenie makrobezkręgowców bentosowych na każdym stanowisku wahało się od 4 do 15 osobników/próbę. Obliczone wartości wskaźnika różnorodności (H’) zarówno zooplanktonu, jak i makrobezkręgowców bentosowych oscylowały na średnim poziomie (H’ ≈ 1,00 ÷ 1,72). Wyniki pokazują również, że kilka zmiennych środowiskowych, w tym całkowita zawiesina, chemiczne zapotrzebowanie tlenu i amon, było skorelowanych z bogactwem gatunkowym i gęstością bezkręgowców wodnych. Uzyskane wyniki będą przydatne do monitorowania stanu zanieczyszczenia badanego obszaru, w szczególności wrażliwości bezkręgowców wodnych na zmiany cech środowiska.

4

Ocena jakości wody w różnych nieckach basenowych po przeprowadzonej modernizacji systemów jej oczyszczania

Madej Paulina, Piechurski Florian

Rynek Instalacyjny

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2021

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Nr 9

94--102

PL

Utrzymanie parametrów jakościowych wody basenowej wymaga stosowania odpowiednich procesów jednostkowych przy jednoczesnym przestrzeganiu norm prawnych. W artykule zawarto charakterystykę jakości wody w różnych nieckach basenowych oraz analizę badań wyników laboratoryjnych w oparciu o normy prawne. Zarejestrowane pomiary miały na celu porównanie efektywności systemów technologicznych uzdatniania wody wykorzystywanych w omawianym obiekcie. Przeprowadzono ocenę dezynfekcji wody basenowej w brodziku, basenie rekreacyjnym i sportowym oraz w wannach z hydromasażem – jacuzzi. Skuteczność dezynfekcji oceniono w oparciu o pomiary, tj. redox, stężenie chloru wolnego i związanego oraz poziom utlenialności.

EN

To maintain the quality parameters of swimming pool water it is necessary to apply adequate unit processes as well as compliance with the legal standards. In this paper there was discussed the water quality performance in different pool basin and there were analyzed the results of laboratory tests based on legal standards. The recorded measurements aimed to compare the yield of technology systems of swimming pool water treatment in a paddling pool, recreation pool, sport pool and hot tub – jacuzzi. The efficacy of water treatment was assessed by the results of measurements, i.e. redox, free and bound chlorine level and oxidisability level.

5

Causes and side effects of changing water quality in Khassa-Chai river in Kirkuk, Iraq

Qasim Abdulamir H.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2021

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Vol. 30, No. 2

271--282

EN

Water quality of seasonal water rivers is on a quick decline due to various human activities arising as a result of urbanization and population growth. This study assessed the water quality of the Khassa-Chai river in Kirkuk during two seasons: winter and summer (wet and dry). Thirty-seven water samples were collected from eight monitoring observation points along the Khassa-Chai river during October 2019 and March 2020. Water samples were analyzed for various parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), color, and dissolved oxygen (DO). These physicochemical parameters were analyzed using standards methods demonstrated by the American Public Health Association (APHA). To determine the significant difference, all the results obtained were statistically analyzed. In most results, higher concentrations are out of the indicated permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO). It can be concluded that the most domestic wastewater effluents are discharged into the river, such as sewage coming from nearby houses and restaurants in addition to the solid waste produced from close commercial stores. To reduce the negative impact on water and human health, pollution sources need to be properly managed. The paper calls for further research to figure out the ability of the Khassa-Chai river to make the use of city water in improving the environment.

6

Water Quality and Radionuclides Content Assessment of the Al-Najaf Sea: Case Study

Zwain Haider M., Almurshedi Kareem Radhi, Vakili Mohammadtaghi, Dahlan Irvan, Naje Ahmed Samir

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 2

262--271

EN

The Al-Najaf state is witnessing an increased economic development and attracting more investments that require the development of new areas and exploring new water resources. This study evaluates the quality of 12 surface water samples and groundwater from 12 wells for irrigation according to the salinity and sodicity hazards based on electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). In addition, the concentrations of radionuclides, which include Thorium (232Th), Uranium (238U), Potassium (40K) and Cesium (137Cs) were tested in four soil samples in the study area. It was found that the average values of pH, total hardness, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, NO3 for groundwater and surface water were 8 and 6, 2287 and 4006 mg/L, 1140 and 1232 mg/L, 378 and 637 mg/L, 327 and 587 mg/L, 2 and 2 mg/L, 989 and 2007 mg/L, 1149 and 1325 mg/L, as well as 2 and 2 mg/L, respectively. From salinity and sodicity hazards analysis, the groundwater had EC of 5242 µS/cm and SAR of 61, whereas surface water had EC of 6253 µS/cm and SAR of 50. Furthermore, the concentrations of radionuclides, i.e. 232Th, 238U, 40K and 137Cs in the soil samples were found to be 11.02, 34.12, 544.45, and 1.6 Bq/kg, respectively. The concentrations of radionuclides were within the worldwide baseline, expect for 40K. The study concluded that both water sources are classified as very high salinity and sodium water (class C4-S4), and it cannot be used for irrigation, only suitable for the salt tolerant crops.

7

Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of groundwater in the Yishu River basin

Liu Jiutan, Wang Min, Gao Zongjun, Chen Qiao, Wu Guangwei, Li Fuquan

Acta Geophysica

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2020

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Vol. 68, no. 3

877--889

EN

Groundwater is the primary source of water for human development in the Yishu River basin, and therefore characterizing groundwater quality is essential for sustainable development of groundwater resources in the region. This study aimed to determine the hydrochemical characteristics and water quality of groundwater in the Yishu River basin by sampling 45 wells in October 2016 and May 2017. Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater were determined using integrated hydrochemical analysis and the groundwater quality was evaluated based on the water quality index (WQI). Groundwater of the Yishu River basin was characterized as weak alkaline hard water with mean concentrations of total hardness and total dissolved solids of less than 500 mg L−1 and 1000 mg L−1, respectively, and the principal chemical components of groundwater were higher in 2016 than in 2017. A Piper diagram showed that 64.4% of the water samples contained Ca–HCO3 type water and 27% contained mixed water (27%). The dominant processes driving the chemical composition of groundwater were found to be dissolution of silicate and carbonate minerals and cation exchange. The saturation index indicated that carbonate minerals were supersaturated, whereas gypsum, fuorite, and halite were unsaturated. The WQI indicated good groundwater quality in the Yishu River basin, with only one water sample classifed as having "poor" water quality in 2016 and 2017, respectively. However, these samples contained high nitrate concentrations (>200 mg L−1), which may be the result of domestic sewage discharge and/or the use of agricultural fertilizers.

8

Safety analysis of tap water biostability

Tchórzewska-Cieślak B., Papciak D., Pietrucha-Urbanik K., Pietrzyk A.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2018

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Vol. 11, no. 1

149--154

EN

The work concerns the analysis and assessment of the risk of biological stability of water. The consequence of the lack of water stability is an increased susceptibility of the distribution system to secondary microbial contamination of water and thus a threat to the health of consumers. The value of risk function is a measure of the loss of safety of water supply. The health of water consumers is a priority. From the point of view of the required quality of water intended for human consumption, the value of the risk function is related to failure to meet certain water quality parameters that may adversely affect physico-chemical parameters and the bacteriological quality of the water reaching the consumers. The paper presents the method of analysing and evaluating the risk of loss of biostability of tap water. The analysis was based on the operating data obtained from the water treatment plant.

PL

Praca dotyczy analizy i oceny ryzyka braku stabilności biologicznej wody. Skutkami braku stabilności wody jest zwiększona podatność w systemie dystrybucji na wtórne skażenie mikrobiologiczne wody, a więc zagrożenie zdrowia konsumentów. Wartość funkcji ryzyka jest miarą utraty bezpieczeństwa dostaw wody. Priorytetem jest bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne konsumentów wody. Z punktu widzenia wymaganej jakości wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi wartość funkcji ryzyka związana jest z niedotrzymaniem określanych parametrów jakości wody, które mogą mieć negatywny wpływ na parametry fizyko-chemiczne i jakość bakteriologiczną wody docierającej do konsumenta. W pracy przedstawiono metodę analizy i oceny ryzyka utraty biostabilności wody wodociągowej. Analiza została wykonana na podstawie uzyskanych danych eksploatacyjnych ze stacji uzdatniania wody.

9

The use of BMWP-PL index for assessment of water quality in the lowland Liwiec River and its longest tributaries (Central-Eastern Poland)

Korycińska M., Królak E.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2007

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Vol. 33, no. 3

37-52

EN

In this paper, the results of the analyses of selected chemical water quality parameters and taxonomic composition of macroinvcrtebrates of the Liwiec River and its chosen tributaries (central-eastern Poland) arc presented. Chemical and biological water quality assessment was performed, and four biotic indices were tested: Belgian BB1, French IBGN, British BMWP/OQR, and biotic index BMWP-PL developed for Polish rivers. Correlations between the values of the latter and chemical water parameters show that BMWP-PL is a useful tool for the assessment of water quality of lowland rivers in Poland (similar to the Liwiec).

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wybranych parametrów chemicznych wody i składu taksonomicznego makrobczkręgowców rzeki Liwiec i jej wybranych dopływów (środkowo-wschodnia Polska). Dokonano chemicznej i biologicznej klasyfikacji badanych wód. Przetestowano cztery indeksy biotyczne: belgijski BB1, francuski 1BGN, opracowany w Wielkiej Brytanii BMWP/OQR oraz opracowany na potrzeby biologicznej klasyfikacji rzek w Polsce indeks biotyczny BMWP-PL. Korelacja pomiędzy wartościami indeksu BMWP-PL a parametrami chemicznymi wody wskazuje na przydatność indeksu BMWP-PL do oceny jakości nizinnych rzek (typu Liwiec) w Polsce.

10

Biologiczny monitoring ekosystemów wodnych. Zalety i ograniczenia współczesnych metod

Czerniawska-Kusza I.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2003

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Vol. 10, nr 1-2

43-48

PL

Przedstawiono współcześnie stosowane w Polsce i innych krajach metody biologicznej oceny jakości wód powierzchniowych oraz kierunek ich ewolucji. W zwięzłej charakterystyce uwzględniono zarówno zalety metodyk, jak też ograniczenia w ich powszechnym (światowym) zastosowaniu. Wiąże się to z pracami podjętymi w 1993 r. przez Instytut Ochrony Środowiska nad dostosowaniem przepisów polskich do wymagań europejskich w zakresie oceny jakości i klasyfikacji wód. Prace te uwzględniają m.in. zmianę metodyki oceny jakości wód powierzchniowych płynących.

EN

The paper presents the biological surface water quality assessment methods used to-day in Poland and other countries as well as a direction of their evolution. A brief characteristic includes both advantages of the methods and limitations in their prevailing (world-wide) application. This is connected with works, undertaken in 1993 by the Institute of Environmental Protection, on the adaptation of Polish regulations concerning water quality assessment and classification to the European requirements. The works take into account change of the method of running water quality assessment, among others.